大学英语六级分类模拟题448及答案解析.doc
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1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 448 及答案解析(总分:697.50,做题时间:90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数:0,分数:0.00)Coming to An Office Near YouThe effect of today“s technology on tomorrow“s jobs will be immenseand no country is ready for it. A Innovation, the elixir (灵丹妙药) of progress, has always cost people their jobs. In the Industri
2、al Revolution artisan (工匠) weavers were swept aside by the mechanical loom. Over the past 30 years the digital revolution has displaced many of the mid-skill jobs that supported 20th-century middle-class life. Typists, ticket agents, bank tellers and many production-line jobs have been dispensed wit
3、h, just as the weavers were. B For those, including this newspaper, who believe that technological progress has made the world a better place, such churn (搅动) is a natural part of rising prosperity. Although innovation kills some jobs, it creates new and better ones, as a more productive society bec
4、omes richer and its wealthier inhabitants demand more goods and services. A hundred years ago one in three American workers was employed on a farm. Today less than 2% of them produce far more food. The millions freed from the land were not consigned to joblessness, but found better-paid work as the
5、economy grew more sophisticated. Today the pool of secretaries has shrunk, but there are ever more computer programmers and web designers. Remember Ironbridge C Optimism remains the right starting-point, hut for workers the dislocating (扰乱) effects of technology may make themselves evident faster th
6、an its benefits. Even if new jobs and wonderful products emerge, in the short term income gaps will widen, causing huge social dislocation and perhaps even changing politics. Technology“s impact will feel like a tornado (龙卷风), hitting the rich world first, but eventually sweeping through poorer coun
7、tries too. No government is prepared for it. D Why be worried? It is partly just a matter of history repeating itself. In the early part of the Industrial Revolution the rewards of increasing productivity went disproportionately to capital; later on, labour reaped most of the benefits. The pattern t
8、oday is similar. The prosperity unleashed by the digital revolution has gone overwhelmingly to the owners of capital and the highest-skilled workers. Over the past three decades, labour“s share of output has shrunk globally from 64% to 59%. Meanwhile, the share of income going to the top 1% in Ameri
9、ca has risen from around 9% in the 1970s to 22% today. Unemployment is at alarming levels in much of the rich world, and not just for cyclical reasons. In 2000, 65% of working-age Americans were in work; since then the proportion has fallen, during good years as well as bad, to the current level of
10、59%. E Worse, it seems likely that this wave of technological disruption to the job market has only just started. From driverless cars to clever household gadgets, innovations that already exist could destroy lots of jobs that have hitherto (迄今) been untouched. The public sector is one obvious targe
11、t: it has proved singularly resistant to tech-driven reinvention. But the step change in what computers can do will have a powerful effect on middle-class jobs in the private sector too. F Until now the jobs most vulnerable to machines were those that involved routine, repetitive tasks. But thanks t
12、o the rise in processing power and the ubiquity (无处不在) of digitised information (“big data“), computers are increasingly able to perform complicated tasks more cheaply and effectively than people. Clever industrial robots can quickly “learn“ a set of human actions. Services may be even more vulnerab
13、le. Computers can already detect intruders in a closed-circuit camera picture more reliably than a human can. By comparing reams of financial or biometric data, they can often diagnose fraud or illness more accurately than any number of accountants or doctors. One recent study by academics at Oxford
14、 University suggests that 47% of today“s jobs could be automated in the next two decades. G At the same time, the digital revolution is transforming the process of innovation itself, as our special report explains. Thanks to off-the-shelf code from the Internet and platforms that host services (such
15、 as Amazon“s cloud computing), provide distribution (Apple“s app store) and offer marketing (Facebook), the number of digital start-ups has exploded. Just as computer-games designers invented a product that humanity never knew it needed but now cannot do without, so these firms will no doubt dream u
16、p new goods and services to employ millions. But for now they are singularly light on workers. When Instagram, a popular photo-sharing site, was sold to Facebook for about $1 billion in 2012, it had 30m customers and employed 13 people. Kodak, which filed for bankruptcy a few months earlier, employe
17、d 145,000 people in its heyday. H The problem is one of timing as much as anything. Google now employs 46,000 people. But it takes years for new industries to grow, whereas the disruption a startup causes to incumbents (现任者) is felt sooner. Airbnb may turn homeowners with spare rooms into entreprene
18、urs, but it poses a direct threat to the lower end of the hotel businessa massive employer. No time to be timid I If this analysis is halfway correct, the social effects will be huge. Many of the jobs most at risk are lower down the ladder (logistics, haulage), whereas the skills that are least vuln
19、erable to automation (creativity, managerial expertise) tend to be higher up, so median wages are likely to remain stagnant for some time and income gaps are likely to widen. J Anger about rising inequality is bound to grow, but politicians will find it hard to address the problem. Shunning (避开) pro
20、gress would be as useless now as the Luddites“ protests against mechanised looms were in the 1810s, because any country that tried to stop would be left behind by competitors eager to embrace new technology. The freedom to raise taxes on the rich to punitive levels will be similarly constrained by t
21、he mobility of capital and highly skilled labour. K The main way in which governments can help their people through this dislocation is through education systems. One of the reasons for the improvement in workers“ fortunes in the latter part of the Industrial Revolution was because schools were buil
22、t to educate thema dramatic change at the time. Now those schools themselves need to be changed, to foster the creativity that humans will need to set them apart from computers. There should be less rote-learning and more critical thinking. Technology itself will help, whether through MOOCs (massive
23、 open online courses) or even video games that simulate the skills needed for work. L The definition of “a state education“ may also change. Far more money should be spent on pre-schooling, since the cognitive abilities and social skills that children learn in their first few years define much of th
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