【考研类试卷】西医综合-病理学-6及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-病理学-6 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As one works with color in a practical, or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile, changeable thing (1) to a large extent on the relationship of the color (2) other colo

2、rs (3) simultaneously. It is not (4) in its relation to the direct stimulus which (5) it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give (6) to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination color, usually (but not always) looking much the same in artificial light

3、as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be (7) in large part to the mechanism of color (8) .When the eye is (9) to a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the (10) of the eye to color in and around the area (11) . This readjustment does not promptly affect the color seen but usua

4、lly does affect the next area to which the (12) is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the (13) , and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be (14) its persistence in the (15) viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Schouten, it appears that, at (16) for

5、a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over (17) time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in (18) darkness just previously. Also, (19) of the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar bright

6、ness or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become (20) over the whole eye.（分数：10.00）(1).A liable B focusing C typical D depending（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A with B between C to D upon（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A pursued B perceived C realized D conceived（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A fixed B firm C bound

7、 D open（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A creates B summons C triggers D introduces（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A play B way C rise D birth（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A related B due C devoted D close（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A assimilation B admission C regulation D adaptation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A drawn B left C exposed D subjec

8、ted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A sensitivity B curiosity C decoration D impression（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A noticed B alarmed C neglected D tolerated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A cheer B sense C gaze D thought（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A publicity B necessity C density D intensity（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A by means of B

9、in terms of C with regard to D in line with（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A transparent B succeeding C simultaneous D proceeding（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A most B worst C least D best（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A brief B complete C light D narrow（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A efficient B parallel C relative D respective（分数：0

10、.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A regardless B despite C exclusive D because（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A equivalent B uniform C contrastive D complementary（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newsp

11、apers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism cou

12、ld be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for

13、publication in general-circulation dailies. We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the Publ

14、ications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernes

15、t Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,“ Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define jo

16、urnalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.“ Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game

17、of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of Englands foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and

18、his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. Is there any chance that Carduss criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in

19、which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat. （分数：10.00）(1).It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that _. A arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews C high-quality ne

20、wspapers retain a large body of readers D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were characterized by _. A free themes B casual style C elaborate layout D radical viewpoints（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the fol

21、lowing would shaw and Newman most probably agree on? A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals. B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists. C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism. D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What can be lear

22、ned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs? A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today. B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. C His style caters largely to modern specialists. D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What w

23、ould be the best title for the text? A Newspapers of the Good Old Days B The Lost Horizon in Newspapers C Mournful Decline of Journalism D Prominent Critics in Memory（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The term “nationalism“ is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1)the members of a natio

24、n care about their national identity and(2) that the members of a nation seek to achieve (or sustain) self-determination.It is traditional, therefore, to distinguish nations from stateswhereas a nation often consists of an ethnic or cultural community, a state is a political entity with a high degre

25、e of sovereignty. While many states are nations in some sense, there are many nations which are not fully sovereign states. As an example, the Native American Iroquois constitute a nation but not a state, since they do not possess the requisite political authority over their internal or external aff

26、airs. If the members of the Iroquois nation were to strive to form a sovereign state in the effort to preserve their identity as a people, they would be exhibiting a statefocused nationalism.Nationalism has long been ignored as a topic in political philosophy, written off as a relic from bygone time

27、s. It has only recently come into the focus of philosophical debate. The surge of nationalism usually presents a morally ambivalent and for this reason often fascinating picture. “National awakenings“ and struggles for political independence are often both heroic and inhumanly cruel; the formation o

28、f a recognizably national state often responds to deep popular sentiment, but can and does sometimes bring in its wake inhuman consequences, including violent expulsion and “cleansing“ of non-nationals, all the way to organized mass murder. The moral debate on nationalism reflects a deep moral tensi

29、on between solidarity with oppressed national groups on the one hand and repulsion in the face of crimes perpetrated in the name of nationalism on the other.Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethni

30、c, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However, such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be

31、classified by other criteria, such as scale and location.Nationalism does not necessarily imply a belief in the superiority of one race over others, but in practice, many nationalists support racial protectionism or racial supremacy. Such racism is typically based upon preference or superiority of t

32、he indigenous race of the nation.（分数：10.00）(1).The two phenomena mentioned in paragraph 1 can be summarized as _.A the peace and the violenceB the internal and the externalC the attitude and the actionsD the powerless and the sovereignty（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The example of Native American Iroquois is

33、 used in paragraph 2 to _.A show the differences between nations and statesB discuss the differences between internal and external affairsC indicate their strive to form a stateD present their identity as a people（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “ambivalent“ ( Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means _

34、.A attractive for its unique featuresB characterized by a mixture of opposite feelings or attitudesC having a strong desire for success or achievementD requiring full use of your abilities or resources（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Paragraph 4 talks about the issue of nationalism from the perspective of _.A t

35、ypes B definitionsC combinations D criteria（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Nationalism will become racism when it is combined with _.A political practice B race superiorityC race identity D sovereignty（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Its not only humans that flourish in large settlements. Some ants fin

36、d urban life so accommodating that their populations explode and they form supercolonies in cities. “One of the most common house ant species might have been built for living in some of the smallest spaces in a forest, but the ants have found ways to take advantage of the comforts of city living,“ P

37、urdue University said in a statement. Grzegorz Buczkowski, a Purdue University research assistant professor of entomology, discovered odorous house ants live in supercolonies, creating complex networks entomologists have never seen with the species before now. He found that odorous house ant colonie

38、s become larger and more complex as they move from forest to city and act somewhat like an invasive species, the university said. “The ants live about 50 to a colony with one queen in forest settings but explode into supercolonies with more than 6 million workers and 50 000 queens in urban areas,“ t

39、he university explained. “This is a native species thats doing this,“ said Buczkowski, whose results are published in the early online version of the journal Biological Invasions. “Native ants are not supposed to become invasive. We dont know of any other native ants that are outcompeting other spec

40、ies of native ants like these,“ Buczkowski said. Odorous house ants live in hollow acorn shells in the forest. Theyre called odorous because they have a coconut (椰子)-or rum-like smell when crushed. Theyre considered one of the most common house ants, Purdue said. In semi-natural areas that are a cro

41、ss of forest and urban areas, such as a park, Buczkowski said he observed colonies of about 500 workers with a single queen. “Its possible that as the ants get closer to urban areas they have easier access to food, shelter and other resources,“ he said. “In the forest, they have to compete for food

42、and nesting sites,“ Buczkowski said. “In the cities, they dont have that competition. People give them a place to nest, food to eat. “ Buczkowski observed the ants in three different settings on and around the Purdue campus. He said it might be expected that if the odorous house ants were able to mu

43、ltiply into complex colonies, other ants would do the same. But Buczkowski found no evidence that other ants had adapted to new environments and evolved into larger groups as the odorous house ants have, Purdie said. “Its possible that odorous house ants are better adapted to city environments than

44、other ant species or that they had somehow outcompeted or dominated other species,“ he said. “This raises a lot of questions wed like to answer. “ Buczkowski said understanding why the supercolonies form could lead to better control of the pests in homes, as well as ensuring that they dont outcompet

45、e beneficial species. Future studies on odorous house ants will include studying the ants genetics and trying to understand the effects of urbanization of odorous house ants, Purdue said.（分数：10.00）(1).The word “accommodating“ (Line 1, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to “ _“. A helpful B easy-goin

46、g C spacious D easy to adapt to (a new place)（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the third paragraph, native ants are _. A liable to become aggressive B not prone to be offensive C able to outcompete other ants D easily attacked by other ants（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The semi-natural areas dont include_. A

47、 grass lands on campus B forests C parks D greenbelts（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The purpose of understanding the supercolonies forming is to _. A control the pests and protect beneficial species B understand the effects of urbanization of ants C help study the ants genetics D better totally dominate other

48、 species（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The odorous house ants move to urban areas because they _. A want to outcompete and dominate other species in cities B could have easier access to resources they need C have the ability to have a new place to nest D like to compete for food and nesting sites（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For health insurance, the United States has taken the road less traveled. The United States is the only rich country without universal health insurance. People in the United States spend the most, rely hea