【考研类试卷】西医综合-病理学-5及答案解析.doc

《【考研类试卷】西医综合-病理学-5及答案解析.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《【考研类试卷】西医综合-病理学-5及答案解析.doc（29页珍藏版）》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。

1、西医综合-病理学-5 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Most plants can make their own food from sunlight, (1) some have discovered that stealing is an easier way to live. Thousands of plant species get by (2) photosynthesizing, and over 400 of these species seem to live by pilferi

2、ng sugars from an underground (3) of fungi(真菌). But in (4) a handful of these plants has this modus operandi been traced to a relatively obscure fungus. To find out how (5) are (6) , mycologist Martin Bidartondo of the University of California at Berkeley and his team looked in their roots. What the

3、y found were (7) of a common type of fungus, so (8) that it is found in nearly 70 percent of all plants. The presence of this common fungus in these plants not only (9) at how they survive, says Bidartondo, but also suggests that many ordinary plants might prosper from a little looting, too.Plants h

4、ave (10) relations to get what they need to survive. Normal, (11) plants can make their own carbohydrates through photosynthesis, but they still need minerals. Most plants have (12) a symbiotic relationship with a (13) network of what are called my corrhizal fungi, which lies beneath the forest (14)

5、 . The fungi help green plants absorb minerals through their roots, and (15) , the plants normally (16) the fungi with sugars, or carbon with a number of plants sharing the same fungal web, it was perhaps (17) that a few cheatersdubbed epiparasiteswould evolve to beat the system. (18) , these plants

6、 reversed the flow of carbon, (19) it into their roots from the fungi (20) releasing it as “payment./（分数：10.00）(1).A but B if C because D though（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A for B with C to D without（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A realm B net C relation D web（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A only B almost C virtually D actual

7、ly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A others B the others C other D the other（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A getting by B getting on C getting through D getting over（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A evidences B pictures C traces D tracks（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A popular B common C ordinary D widespread（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A shows B de

8、notes C indicates D hints（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A business B commercial C trading D exchanging（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A green B land C wild D grown（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A created B developed C designed D formulated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A large B vast C great D big（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A floor B level C

9、 ground D layer（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A in turn B in fact C in return D in the end（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A offer B equip C help D provide（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A essential B important C possible D inevitable（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A in time B overtime C at times D behind time（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A takin

10、g B grasping C sucking D catching（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A instead of B in spite of C in place of D by contrast of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When Melissa Mahan and her husband visited the Netherlands, they felt imprisoned by their

11、 tour bus. It forced them to see the city according to a particular route and specific schedule-but going off on their own meant missing out on the information provided by the guide. On their return home to San Diego, California, they started a new company called Tour Coupes. Now, when tourists in S

12、an Diego rent one of their small, brightly coloured three-wheeled vehicles, they are treated to a narration over the stereo system about the places they pass, triggered by Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite technology.This is just one example of how GPS is being used to provide new services t

13、o tourists. “What we really have here is a technology that allows people to forget about the technology,“ says Jim Carrier of IntelliTours, a GPS tourism firm which began offering a similar service over a year ago in Montgomery, Alabama. The city is packed with sites associated with two important ch

14、apters in American history, the civil war of the 1860s and the civil-rights movement a century later. Montgomery has a 120-year-old trolley system, called the Lightning Route, which circulates around the downtown area and is mainly used by tourists. On the Lightning Route trolleys, GPS-triggered aud

15、io clips point out historical hotspots.Other firms, such as CityShow in New York and GPS Tours Canada in Banff, Canada, offer hand-held GPS receivers that play audio clips for listening to while walking or driving. In South Africa, Europcar, a car-rental firm, offers a device called the Xplorer. As

16、well as providing commentary on 2 000 points of interest, it can also warn drivers if they exceed the local speed limit.If such services prove popular, the use of dedicated audio-guide devices could give way to a different approach. A growing number of mobile phones have built-in GPS or can determin

17、e their locations using other technologies. Information for tourists delivered via phones could be updated in real time and could contain advertisements. “Location-based services“, such as the ability to call up a list of nearby banks or pizzerias, have been talked about for years but have never tak

18、en off. But aiming such services at tourists makes sense-since people are more likely to want information when in an unfamiliar place. It could give mobile roaming a whole new meaning.（分数：10.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _.A posing an illustration. B justifying

19、an assumption.C making a comparison. D explaining a phenomenon.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Melissa Mahans story is mentioned in the text to _.A show tourism of Netherlands is no better than that of US.B introduce the topic of Location-based services by GPS.C show that they are dissatisfied with traveling.D

20、 explain the reason why they start a new company.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “chapter“ ( Line 4, Paragraph 2) denotes _.A event. B a local branch of an organization.C division of a book. D period of time.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following is true of the text?A Location-based services are

21、popular in many fields.B Europcar offers hand-held GPS receiversC CityShow offers a service similar to IntelliTours.D Xplorer can warn drivers when they offend.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).When a traveler is in an unfamiliar place, _.A mobile roaming will meet his needs.B he wants to know something about it

22、.C Location-based services play a key role in his traveling.D he must understand the roles of Location-based services.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In a democratic society citizens are encouraged to form their own opinions on candidates for public office, taxes, constitutional amendments,

23、 environmental concerns, foreign policy, and other issues. The opinions held by any population are shaped and manipulated by several factors: individual circumstances, the mass media, special-interest groups, and opinion leaders.Wealthy people tend to think differently on social issues from poor peo

24、ple. Factory workers probably do not share the same views as white-collar, nonunion workers. Women employed outside their homes sometimes have perspectives different from those of full-time homemakers. In these and other ways individual status shapes ones view of current events.The mass media, espec

25、ially television, are powerful influences on the way people think and act. Government officials note how mail from the public tends to “follow the headlines. “ Whatever is featured in newspapers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention that people begin to inform themselves and to e

26、xpress opinions.The mass media have also created larger audiences for government and a wider range of public issues than existed before. Prior to television and the national editions of newspapers, issues and candidates tended to remain localized. In Great Britain and West Germany, for example, elec

27、tions to the national legislatures were usually viewed by voters as local contests. Todays elections are seen as struggles between party leaders and programs. In the United States radio and television have been beneficial to the presidency. Since the days of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his “fireside c

28、hats,“ presidents have appealed directly to a national audience over the heads of Congress to advocate their programs.Special-interest groups spend vast sums annually trying to influence public opinion. Public utilities, for instance, tried to sway public opinion in favor of nuclear power plants. Op

29、posed to them were citizens organizations that lobbied to halt the use of nuclear power. During the 1960s the American Medical Association conducted an unsuccessful advertising campaign designed to prevent the passage of Medicare.Opinion leaders are usually such prominent public figures as politicia

30、ns, show-business personalities, and celebrity athletes. The opinions of these individuals, whether informed and intelligent or not, carry weight with some segments of the population. Some individuals, such as Nobel Prize winners, are suddenly thrust into public view by the media. By quickly reachin

31、g a large audience, their views gain a hearing and are perhaps influential in shaping views on complex issues.（分数：10.00）(1).The second paragraph is mainly aboutA the influence of gender on peoples view.B the influence of peoples status on their view.C the influence of living standard on peoples view

32、.D the influence of different ranks on peoples view.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The expression “follow the headlines“ showsA people seldom have time to read newspaper articles.B people think the headlines contain the most important information.C people often get their opinions from newspapers or television

33、.D most people look on newspapers or TV as misleading.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is true according to the passage?A TV programs have a strong influence on governmental policy.B Chats on televisions are chief means for running for presidency.C More and more people show interest in po

34、litics because of TV.D Before the use of TV, people showed little interest in politics.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It is obvious that the opinion of famous peopleA is often ignored by the public.B is seldom expressed to the point.C is often imposed on the public.D has a strong influence on people.（分数：2.00）

35、A.B.C.D.(5).The passage is mainly aboutA the forces that influence peoples opinions.B the freedom of speech in a democratic society.C the necessity to uphold ones own opinion on an issue.D the techniques of talking to a large audience via the mass media.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Even

36、their parents struggle to draw the tiniest hint of emotion or social connection from autistic(患孤独症的) children, so imagine what happens when a stranger sits with the child for hours to get through the standard IQ test. For 10 of the tests 12 sections, the child must listen and respond to spoken quest

37、ions. Since for many autistics it is torture to try to engage with someone even on this impersonal level, its no wonder so many wind up with IQ scores just above a carrots. More precisely, fully three quarters of autistics are classified as having below-normal intelligence, with many deemed mentally

38、 retarded.Researchers have tried a different IQ test, one that requires no social interaction. As they report in the journal Psychological Science, autistic childrens scores came out starkly different than on the oral, interactive IQ test suggesting a burning intelligence inside these kids that educ

39、ators are failing to uncover.For the study, children took two IQ tests. In the more widely used Wechsler, they tried to arrange and complete pictures, do simple arithmetic, demonstrate vocabulary comprehension and answer questions almost all in response to a strangers questions. In the Ravens Progre

40、ssive Matrices test, they got brief instructions, then went off on their own to analyze three-by-three arrays of geometric designs, with one missing, and choose the design that belonged in the empty place. The disparity in scores was striking. Overall, the autistics scored around the 30th percentile

41、 on the Wechsler, which corresponds to “low average“ IQ. But they averaged in the 56th percentile on the Ravens. not a single autistic child scored in the “high intelligence“ range on the Wechsler; on the Ravens, one third did. Healthy children showed no such disparity.That presents a puzzle. If man

42、y autistics arc more intelligent than an IQ test shows, why havent their parents noticed? Partly because many parents welcome a low score, which brings their child more special services from schools and public agencies. But another force is at work. “We often think of intelligence as what you can sh

43、ow, such as by speaking fluently,“ says a psychologist. “Parents as well as professionals might be biased to look at that“ rather than dig for the hidden intellectual spark.The challenge is to coax that spark into the kind of intelligence that manifests itself in practice. That is something autism r

44、esearchers are far from doing. Many experts dismiss autistics exceptional reading, artistic or other abilities as side effects of abnormal brain function. They advise parents to steer their child away from what he excels at and obsesses over, and toward what he struggles with. It makes you wonder ho

45、w many other children, whose intellectual potential were too blind to see, weve also given up on.（分数：10.00）(1).Autistic children always get lower scores in IQ tests than other children because _A they are retarded due to lack of communication.B the test methods require too may interactions.C their i

46、ntelligence level is lower than other children.D they cannot understand the instructions of strangers.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The new type of IQ test taken by researchers is one that _A is designed solely for autistic children.B requires the children to respond to questions.C is more widely used in tod

47、ays society.D asks the children to find logical relationships among patterns.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is not the reason why parents are unable to find the hidden intelligence in their autistic children?A They want their children to have a low intelligence level to get some benefit

48、s.B The lower IQ test scores can bring to their children more special services.C The social recognition of intelligence mainly relies on the ability of expression.D Some experts always consider the hidden intelligence as abnormal functions.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The author indicates that autism researchers should not focus on _A trying to use IQ test methods which are suitable for autistic children to get reasonable scores.B asking the parents of autistic children to find abilities such as reading in their children.C finding ways to teach autistic to commun