【考研类试卷】西医综合-病理学-4及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-病理学-4 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Starting with his review of Skinners Verbal Behavior, Noam Chomsky had led the psycholinguists who argue that man has developed an innate (天生的) capacity for dealing with the linguistic universals common to all languages. Exper

2、ience and learning then provide only information about the (1) instances of those universal aspects of language which are needed to communicate with other people within a particular language (2) .This linguistic approach (3) the view that language is built upon learned associations between words. Wh

3、at is learned is not strings of words per se (本身), but (4) rules that enable a speaker to (5) an infinite variety of novel sentences. (6) single words are learned as concepts: they do not stand in a one-to-one (7) with the particular thing signified, but (8) all members of a general class.This view

4、of the innate aspect of language learning is at first not readily (9) into existing psychological frameworks and (10) a challenge that has stimulated much thought and new research directions. Chomsky argues that a precondition for language development is the existence of certain principles “intrinsi

5、c (原有的) to the mind“ that provide invariant structures (11) perceiving, learning and thinking. Language (12) all of these processes; thus its study (13) our theories of knowledge in general.Basic to this model of language is the notion that a childs learning of language is a kind of theory (14) . It

6、s thought to be accomplished (15) explicit instruction, (16) of intelligence level, at an early age when he is not capable of other complex (17) or motor achievements, and with relatively little reliable data to go on. (18) , the child constructs a theory of an ideal language which has broad (19) po

7、wer. Chomsky argues that all children could not develop the same basic theory (20) it not for the innate existence of properties of mental organization which limit the possible properties of languages.（分数：10.00）(1).A special B specific C definite D explicit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A region B district C

8、vicinity D community（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A attacks B assaults C charges D accuses（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A transformational B institutional C systematic D constitutional（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A originate B initiate C launch D generate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A Yet B Even C Still D Likewise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7

9、).A consistence B conformity C correspondence D agreement（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A symbolize B embody C depict D represent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A combined B integrated C blended D mixed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A meets B presents C offers D makes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A underlining B highlighting C marking D

10、 underlying（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A deals B covers C involves D engages（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A tunes into B sheds light on C leaves behind D sets forth（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A fabrication B erection C creation D construction（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A with B under C by D without（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A irr

11、espective B independent C regardless D implausible（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A intellectual B intelligent C intelligible D intellect（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A Nevertheless B Furthermore C Though D Accordingly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A instinctive B addictive C tentative D predictive（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A had

12、B should C were D be（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For years Internet merchants have poured millions of dollars into new technologies to make their sites easier to use. So why arent online customers happier?Customer satisfaction lev

13、els have remained almost flat through the last several years. The problem, according to Larry Freed, chief executive of a consulting and research firm called ForeSee Results, is not so much that consumers have ignored the many improvements made in recent years. Rather, he said, they still expect mor

14、e from Internet shopping than it has delivered.“If we walk into a local store, we dont expect that experience to be better than it was a couple years ago,“ Mr. Freed said. “But we expect sites to be better. The bar goes up every year. “ In ForeSees latest survey, released last month, just five e-com

15、merce sites registered scores higher than 80 out of 100, and no site scored higher than 85. It was much the same story a year ago, when just five scored higher than 80, with no site surpassing 85. “Scores have inched up over time for the best e-commerce companies, but the overall numbers havent move

16、d drastically,“ Mr. Freed said. “At the same time though, if you dont do anything you see your scores drop steadily. “That dynamic has been a challenge for online merchants and investors, who a decade ago envisioned Internet stores as relatively inexpensive (and therefore extremely profitable) opera

17、tions. Now some observers predict a future where online retailers will essentially adopt something like the QVC model, with sales staff pitching the sites merchandise with polished video presentations, produced in a high-tech television studio.QVC.com is evolving in that direction. The Web site, whi

18、ch sold more than $1 billion in merchandise in 2006, has for the last five years let visitors watch a live feed of the networks broadcast. But in recent months, QVC.com has also given visitors the chance to watch archives of entire shows, and in the coming months visitors will be able to find more v

19、ideo segments from recent shows, featuring individual products that remain in stock. Bob Myers, senior vice president of QVC.com, said the Web sites video salesmanship is especially effective when combined with detailed product information, customer reviews and multiple photographs.About eight month

20、s ago, for instance, a customer said that she could not determine the size of a handbag from the photographs on the site because she could not tell the height of the model who was holding it. Within two weeks the site tested and introduced a new system, showing the bags with women of three different

21、 heights. The results were immediate: women who saw the new photographs bought the bags at least 10 percent more frequently than those who had not.Still, Mr. Myers said, video is a critically important element to sales. “E-commerce started with television commerce,“ he said. “The sites who engage an

22、d entertain customers will be winning here in the near future. “ Such a prospect is not necessarily daunting to other e-commerce executives. Gordon Magee, head of Internet marketing for Drs. Foster and it explains, in part, why their management development programs are not effective. (49) What manag

23、erial aspirants should be taught is how to exercise their authority in a way that is appropriate to the situation and the people involved. They need to learn that the real source of their power is their own knowledge and skill, and the strength of their own personalities, not the authority conferred

24、 on them by their positions. When they lack the knowledge or skill required to perform the work, they need to know how to share their authority. (50) But when they know what has to be done and have the skill and personality to get it done, they must exercise their traditional authority in whatever w

25、ay is necessary.（分数：10.00）_十、Section Writing(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十一、Part A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)1.Directions:Tom, a friend of yours, would like to visit your part of China. Write a letter to give him advice about the following subjects:When and how to travel; what to bring; how long to stay; weather; health and

26、 medicine; which places to visit; what to buy.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming“ instead. Do not write the address.（分数：10.00）_十二、Part B(总题数：1，分数：20.00)2.Directions:A. Study the following picture carefully and write an

27、 essay of about 160-200 words.B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below.1) Describe the pictures,2) deduce what is intended in the picture, and3) point out its implications in our life. （分数：20.00）_西医综合-病理学-4 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟

28、)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Starting with his review of Skinners Verbal Behavior, Noam Chomsky had led the psycholinguists who argue that man has developed an innate (天生的) capacity for dealing with the linguistic universals common to all languages. Experience and learning then provide only

29、information about the (1) instances of those universal aspects of language which are needed to communicate with other people within a particular language (2) .This linguistic approach (3) the view that language is built upon learned associations between words. What is learned is not strings of words

30、 per se (本身), but (4) rules that enable a speaker to (5) an infinite variety of novel sentences. (6) single words are learned as concepts: they do not stand in a one-to-one (7) with the particular thing signified, but (8) all members of a general class.This view of the innate aspect of language lear

31、ning is at first not readily (9) into existing psychological frameworks and (10) a challenge that has stimulated much thought and new research directions. Chomsky argues that a precondition for language development is the existence of certain principles “intrinsic (原有的) to the mind“ that provide inv

32、ariant structures (11) perceiving, learning and thinking. Language (12) all of these processes; thus its study (13) our theories of knowledge in general.Basic to this model of language is the notion that a childs learning of language is a kind of theory (14) . Its thought to be accomplished (15) exp

33、licit instruction, (16) of intelligence level, at an early age when he is not capable of other complex (17) or motor achievements, and with relatively little reliable data to go on. (18) , the child constructs a theory of an ideal language which has broad (19) power. Chomsky argues that all children

34、 could not develop the same basic theory (20) it not for the innate existence of properties of mental organization which limit the possible properties of languages.（分数：10.00）(1).A special B specific C definite D explicit（分数：0.50）A.B. C.D.解析：形容词辨析题。此处要表达的意思为：学习和经历为语言共性的具体范例提供信息，specific“具体的”与 univers

35、al“普遍的”相对应，其他选项不合文意。special“特殊的、专门的”；definite“明确的、限定的、惟一的”；explicit“详述的、明确的”。(2).A region B district C vicinity D community（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：名词辨析题。a particular language community 指共讲某一语言的社区，community“社区”，包括人们和他们生活的社区，其他选项只限指地区，不合文意。region“地区、区域”，较大的地区；district“地区、行政区”，比 region 小，通常是某国家或城市具体的地区；vi

36、cinity“邻近、附近”。(3).A attacks B assaults C charges D accuses（分数：0.50）A. B.C.D.解析：动词辨析与上下文理解题。句意为：乔姆斯基的语言学观点抨击另一观点。attack“攻击、抨击”，可指任何攻击行为，符合文意。assaults“攻击、袭击”，指身体很近的接触和极端暴力；charges“控告、指控”，通常用法为：charge that 或 charge sb. with sth. ；accuses“控告、指责”，用法为：accuse sb. of sth。(4).A transformational B institution

37、al C systematic D constitutional（分数：0.50）A. B.C.D.解析：形容词辨析题。根据后面的定语从句，这些规则能够使人们生成新句子，所以这样的规则具有转换性，因此选 transformational“能变换的、能变形的”，其他选项不合文意。institutional“制度的、公共机构的”；systematic“系统的”；constitutional“宪法的、拥护宪法的”。(5).A originate B initiate C launch D generate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：动词辨析题。人们用这些规则可以生成新句子，所以选 ge

38、nerate“产生、发生”，其他选项不合文意。originate“首创、发起”，如：originate the procedure“启用程序”；initiate“开始、发动”重要的事件；launch“发射、发动”。(6).A Yet B Even C Still D Likewise（分数：0.50）A.B. C.D.解析：上下文理解题。Even“甚至”，在句中加强语气，起到强调作用，其他选项不符合逻辑。Yet“然而”； Still“仍然、更”；Likewise“同样地、也”。(7).A consistence B conformity C correspondence D agreement

39、（分数：0.50）A.B.C. D.解析：固定搭配题。in correspondence with“和一致、与相符”，其他选项不合文意。in consistence with“前后一致、始终如一”；in conformity with“按照、遵守”；in agreement with“同意”。(8).A symbolize B embody C depict D represent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：上下文理解题。句意为：单词代表某总体要领导的全部成员。与 stand 和 signify 并列的表达为represent“代表”，其他选项不合文意。symbolize“象征”

40、；embody“体现、使具体化”；depict“描绘、描写”。(9).A combined B integrated C blended D mixed（分数：0.50）A.B. C.D.解析：动词辨析及用法题。句意为：这种语言学习内在性的观点起初并未融入当时的心理学框架。be integrated into/with“使成为一体、使结合在一起”，其他不合文意或用法。combined“使结合/联合”，通常用做 combine A with B；blended“混合”，通常用法为：blend with/together；mixed“使混合”，用法为： mix A with B 或 mix sth

41、together/in。(10).A meets B presents C offers D makes（分数：0.50）A.B. C.D.解析：动词辨析及搭配题。句意为：新的语言学观点提出了一种挑战。present a challenge“提出挑战”，其他选项不合搭配或文意。meets a challenge“接受挑战”；offers“主动给予”；makes 不与challenge 搭配。(11).A underlining B highlighting C marking D underlying（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：动词辨析及上下文理解题。句意为：那些恒定的结构是理解

42、、学习和思考的基础，underlie 意为“成为的基础、位于之下”，其他选项不合文意。underlining“在下画线、强调”；highlighting“强调、使突出”；marking“标明、作记号”。(12).A deals B covers C involves D engages（分数：0.50）A.B.C. D.解析：动词辨析题。语言涉及所有这些过程，即理解、学习和思考，involve“包含、含有、涉及”一些主要因素，其他选项不合文意或用法。deals“处理”，常用做 deal with“处理、安排”；covers“覆盖、处理”； engages“雇佣、使从事于”。(13).A tun

43、es into B sheds light on C leaves behind D sets forth（分数：0.50）A.B. C.D.解析：固定搭配题。句意为：该研究提示了知识理论，所以选 B，shed/throw/cast light on/upon 意为“阐明、使更清楚”，其他选项不合文意。tunes in to“收听、调谐”；leaves behind“留下、忘记带”；sets forth“陈述、阐明”。(14).A fabrication B erection C creation D construction（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：名词辨析及上下文理解题。句

44、意为：孩子学习语言的过程类似建构理论。又根据后文 the child constructs a theory.一句，判断选 D。consttruction 意为“思想或理论的建设、构造”。其他选项不合文意或用法。fabrication“编造(谎言/借口)、制造”；erection“树立、建立”；creation“创造、发明”。(15).A with B under C by D without（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：介词辨析题。句意为：孩子学语言不需要详细的教导。显然应选 D，其他选项不合文意。(16).A irrespective B independent C regar

45、dless D implausible（分数：0.50）A.B. C.D.解析：名词用法与搭配题。Independent of 意为“不依赖”，其他选项不合文意。irrespective of 意为“不顾、不考虑”；regardless of 意为“不顾、不管”；implausible“难以置信的、不象真实的”，没有 implausible of 的搭配。(17).A intellectual B intelligent C intelligible D intellect（分数：0.50）A. B.C.D.解析：形容词辨析题。intellectual 作名词意为“知识分子”，作形容词意为“智

46、力的、脑力的”，如：intellectual development 智力发展，其他选项不合文意。intelligent“聪明的、明智的”；intelligible“可理解的、易懂的”；intellect 作名词为“智力、智能”。(18).A Nevertheless B Furthermore C Though D Accordingly（分数：0.50）A. B.C.D.解析：语法知识题。两句之间很明显有转折关系，因此选 Nevertheless“然而，但是”，其他选项不合逻辑。 Furthermore“并且”；Though“尽管”；Accordingly“因此”。(19).A instinctive B addictive C tentative D predictive（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D. 解析：形容词辨析及上下文理解题。句意为：孩子构建的理论具有预见能力；所以选 predictive，意为“成为先兆的、有预言性的”，其他选项不合文意。instinctive“本能的、天生的、直觉的”；addictive“上瘾的”； tentative“试验性的、暂时的”。(20).A had