【考研类试卷】西医综合-病理学-3及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-病理学-3 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)During recent years we have heard much about “race“: how this race does certain things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the (1) phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usuall

2、y (2) the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. But (3) you were to remove the skin you could not (4) anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is (5) in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to (6) a difference.There a

3、re four types of blood. (7) types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the (8) . No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains win (9) in size, but this occurs within every race. (10) does size have anythi

4、ng to do with intelligence. The largest brain (11) examined belonged to a person of weak (12) . On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had (13) brains.Mental tests which are reasonably (14) show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test results both can b

5、e recorded by different members of any race. (15) equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location. Individuals of every race (16) civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response

6、of groups of people, (17) enable them to behave in a (18) way.The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new (19) is better and higher than anything (20) the past.（分数：10.00）(1).A complete B full C total D whole（分数：0.50）A.B.C

7、.D.(2).A in B from C at D on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A since B if C as D while（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A speak B talk C tell D mention（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A something B everything C nothing D anything（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A display B indicate C demonstrate D appear（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A All B Most C No D Sam

8、e（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A same B identical C similar D alike（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A remain B increase C decrease D vary（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A Only B Or C Nor D So（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A ever B then C never D once（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A health B body C mind D thought .（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A big B smal

9、l C minor D major（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A true B exact C certain D accurate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A Provided B Concerning C Given D Following（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A make B cause C move D turn（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A and B but C though D so（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A ordinary B peculiar C usual D common（分数：

10、0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A that B what C whichever D whatever（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A for B to C within D in（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For my proposed journey, the first priority was clearly to start learning Arabic. I have never been a

11、 linguist. Though I had traveled widely as a journalist, I had never managed to pick up more than a smattering of phrases in any tongue other than French, and even my French, was laborious for want of lengthy practice. The prospect of tackling one of the notoriously difficult languages at the age of

12、 forty, and trying to speak it well, both deterred and excited me. It was perhaps expecting a little too much of a curiously unreceptive part of myself, yet the possibility that I might gain access to a completely alien culture and tradition by this means was enormously pleasing.I enrolled as a pupi

13、l in a small school in the center of the city. It was run by a Mr Beheit, of dapper appearance and explosive temperament, who assured me that after three months of his special treatment I would speak Arabic fluently. Whereupon he drew from his desk a postcard which an old pupil had sent him from som

14、ewhere in the Middle East, expressing great gratitude and reporting the astonishment of local Arabs that he could converse with them like a native. It was written in English. Mr Beheit himself spent most of his time coaching businessmen in French, and through the thin, partitioned walls of his schoo

15、l one could hear him bellowing in exasperation at some confused entrepreneur: “Non, M. Jones. Jane suis pas francais. Pas, Pas, Pas!“ (No Mr. Jones, Im NOT French, Im not, not, NOT!). I was gratified that my own tutor, whose name was Ahmed, was infinitely softer and less public in approach.For a cou

16、ple of hours every morning we would face each other across a small table, while we discussed in meticulous detail the colour scheme of the tiny cubicle, the events in the street below and, once a week, the hair-raising progress of a window-cleaner across the wall of the building opposite. In between

17、, hearing in mind the particular interest I had in acquiring Arabic, I would inquire the way to some imaginary oasis, anxiously demand fodder and water for my camels, wonder politely whether the sheikh was prepared to grant me audience now. It was all hard going. I frequently despaired of ever becom

18、ing anything like a fluent speaker, though Ahmed assured me that my pronunciation was above average for a Westemer. This, I suspected, was partly flattery, for there are a couple of Arabic sounds which not even a gift for mimicry allowed me to grasp for ages. There were, moreover, vast distinctions

19、of meaning conveyed by subtle sound shifts rarely employed in English. And for me the problem was increased by the need to assimilate a vocabulary, that would vary from place to place across five essentially Arabic-speaking countries that practiced vernaculars of their own: so that the word for “peo

20、ple“, for instance, might be nais, sah ab or sooken.Each day I was mentally exhausted by the strain of a morning in school, followed by an afternoon struggling at home with a tape recorder. Yet there was relief in the most elementary forms of understanding and progress. When merely got the drift of

21、a torrent which Ahmed had just released, I was childishly elated. When I managed to roll a complete sentence off my tongue without apparently thinking what I was saying, and it came out right, I beamed like an idiot. And the enjoyment of reading and writing the flowing Arabic script was something th

22、at did not leave me once I had mastered it. By the end of June, no-one could have described me as anything like a fluent speaker of Arabic. I was approximately in the position of a fifteen-year old who, equipped with a modicum of schoolroom French, nervously awaits his first trip to Paris. But this

23、was something I could reprove upon in my own time. I bade farewell to Mr Beheit, still struggling to drive the French negative into the still confused mind of Mr Jones.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is not characteristic of Mr Beheit?A. He had a neat and clean appearance.B. He was volatile and

24、 highly emotionalC. He was very modest about his success in teaching.D. He sometimes lost his temper and shouted loudly when teaching.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It is known from the passage that the writer_.A. had a good command of FrenchB. couldnt make sounds properly when learning ArabicC. spoke highly

25、of Mr Beheits achievements in language teachingD. didnt like Ahmeds style of teaching（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the passage that Ahmed was_.A. a fast speakerB. a boring speakerC. a laconic speakerD. an interesting speaker（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word “modicum“ in the last paragraph

26、 can be replaced by_.A. competence B. excellenceC. mimicry D. smattering（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage?A. The writers intended journey created particular difficulties in his learning of Arabic.B. The reading and writing of the Arabic script g

27、ave the writer lasting pleasure.C. The writer found learning Arabic was a grueling experience but rewarding.D. The writer regarded Ahmeds praise of his pronunciation as tongue-in-cheek（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Despite decades of scientific research, no one yet knows how much damage hu

28、man activity is doing to the environment. Humans are thought to be responsible for a whole host of environmental problems, ranging from global warning to ozone depletion. What is not in doubt, however, is the devastating effect humans are having on the animal and plant life of the planet.Currently,

29、an estimated 50,000 species become extinct every year. If this carries on, the impact on all living creatures is likely to be profound, says Dr. Nick Middleton, a geographer at Oxford University. “ All species depend in some way on each other to survive. And the danger is that, if you remove one spe

30、cies from this very complex web of interrelationships, you have very little idea about the knock-on effects of other extinctions. “Complicating matters is the fact that there are no obvious solutions to the problem. Unlike global warning and ozone depletionwhich, if the political will was there, cou

31、ld be reduced by cutting gas emissionspreserving biodiversity remains an intractable problem.The latest idea is “ sustainable management “ , which is seen as a practical and economical way of protecting species from extinction. This means humans should be able to use any species of animal or plant f

32、or their benefit, provided enough individuals of that species are left alive to ensure its continued existence.For instance, instead of depending on largely ineffective laws against poaching, it gives local people a good economic reason to preserve plants and animals. In Zimbabwe, there is a sustain

33、able management project elephants. Foreign tourists pay large sums of money to kill these animals for sport. This money is then given to the inhabitants of the area where the hunting takes place. In theory, locals will be encouraged to protect elephants, instead of poaching themor allowing others to

34、 poach thembecause of the economic benefit involved.This sounds like a sensible strategy, but it remains to be seen whether it will work. With corruption endemic in many developing countries, some observers are skeptical that the money will actually reach the people it is intended forOthers wonder h

35、ow effective the locals will be at stopping poachers.There are also questions about whether sustainable management is practical when it comes to protecting areas of great-bio-diversity such as the worlds tropical forests. In theory, the principle should be the same as with elephantsallow logging com

36、panies to cut down a certain number of trees, but not so many as to completely destroy the forest.Sustainable management of forests requires controls on the number of trees which are cut down, as well as investment in replacing them. But because almost all tropical forests are located in countries w

37、hich desperately need revenue from logging, there are few regulations to do this. Moreover, unrestricted logging is so much more profitable that wood prices from managed forests would cost up to five times morean increase that consumers, no matter how “ green “ , are unlikely to pay. For these reaso

38、ns, sustainable management of tropical forests is unlikely to become widespread in the near future. This is disheartening news. Its estimated these forests contain anything from 50 to 90 percent of all animal and plant species on Earth. In one study of a five-square-kilometer area of rain forest in

39、Peru, for instance, scientists counted 1,300 species of butterfly and 600 species of bird. In the entire continental United States, only 400 species of butterfly and 700 species of bird have been recorded.Scientist Professor Norman Myers sees this situation as a gigantic “ experiment were conducting

40、 with our planet “ . “ We dont know what the outcome will be. If we make a mess of it, we cant move to another planetIts a case of one planet, one experiment. /（分数：10.00）(1).What damage do we know for sure is human activity doing to the environment?A Global warming and ozone depletion.B Species exti

41、nction and corruptionC Sustainable management.D A gigantic experiment were conducting with Earth.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What is an effective way to preserve biodiversity?A Reduction of the impact of species extinction on others.B Sustainable management of the worlds tropical forests.C Encouragement of

42、 political will to reduce gas emission.D No effective way has been found yet.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What is NOT true about the idea of sustainable management?A It bans any form of hunting and logging to protect plants and animals.B It allows humans to cut plants and kill animals for economic benefits.

43、C It ensures the survival of each species by leaving enough individuals alive.D It encourages humans to protect species from extinction for economic gain.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What factors might NOT affect the practicality of sustainable management?A Whether there is corruption in the government.B Wh

44、ether there are corresponding regulations.C Whether produced goods have attractive prices.D Whether people are aware of the danger that the earth will be destroyed.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Why is sustainable management of tropical forests unlikely to be used in the near future?A Because tropical forests

45、 contain a majority of animal and plant species on Earth.B Because we have to wait until the experiment in Peru and the U. S. is finished.C Because we have no idea about its effect, and if it fails, our planet will be destroyed.D Because besides tropical forests, other areas such as the U. S. also h

46、ave biodiversity.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In general, our society is becoming one of the giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped mus

47、ic, and by psychologists and “human relations“ experts; yet all this oiling does not aver the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic

48、management.The. worker and employee are anxious not only because they might find themselves out of a job, they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence

49、as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a