【考研类试卷】西医综合-病理学-1及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-病理学-1 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A new study finds that blacks on death row (1) of killing whites are more likely to be executed than whites who kill minorities. It also concludes that blacks who kill (2) minorities are (3) likely to be executed than blacks w

2、ho kill whites. For example, there is more than a twofold greater risk that an African-American who killed a white will be executed than a white person who kills a (4) victim. A Hispanic is at least 1.4 (5) more likely to be executed (6) such an offender kills a white. The researchers of the study b

3、elieve that there are two (7) explanations First, prosecutors often win (8) office if they win well-publicized cases. When a black kills a white, such killings gets more (9) and this idea can be (10) by many famous cases. (11) , the court judges at the state level are often (12) to elections, called

4、 retention elections. Retention election or judicial retention within the United States court system, is a periodic process, in which the voter (13) approval or disapproval for the judges presently (14) their position, and a judge can be removed from the position if the (15) of the citizens vote him

5、 or her out. Just as the researchers (16) out, death penalty is (17) political. The findings of the study, in short, show that American justice systems clearly (18) white lives more than those of blacks or Hispanics. The researchers also say their findings (19) serious doubts about (20) that the U.S

6、. criminal justice system is colorblind.（分数：10.00）(1).A convicted B charged C believed D sentenced（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A the B a C some D other（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A even B same C less D more（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A nonwhite B American C foreign D minor（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A longer B years C time D ti

7、mes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A only B even C if D unless（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A paradoxical B plausible C absurd D ironic（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A previous B same C lower D higher（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A attendance B attraction C tempt D publicity（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A supported B approved C ratified D hold（分

8、数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A moreover B secondly C accordingly D generally（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A submit B prone C subject D familiar（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A decide B expresses C makes D takes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A presenting B charging C preserving D holding（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A majority B minority C pr

9、iority D superiority（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A point B show C work D imply（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A intuitionally B instinctively C intrinsically D distinctively（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A convict B value C indict D accuse（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A rise B raise C arise D rinse（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A dissertatio

10、ns B affirms C claims D suggestions（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. MeKendrick has explore

11、d the Wedgewood Firms remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery. Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters, musical festivals and children s toys and books. While the feat of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain : Who were the consumers?

12、 What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and service actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted,

13、 only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, w

14、e might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteenth-century England r

15、eadily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, h

16、ardly seems a sufficient answer. MeKendriek favors a Viable model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “ middling sort“ bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do no

17、t people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxu

18、ries? MeKendriek claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality potteries and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? I t is perfectly possiMe Go have the

19、 psychology and reality of consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiable demand in the tenth-century England for frivolous as well

20、as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.（分数：10.00）(1).Plumb mentioned “theaters, musical festivals and childrens toys and books“(Para. 1) to_.A show the high economic power in England in the 18th centuryB tell us people of different ages need different goods or servicesC illustrate th

21、at luxury consumption was in a high point in England in the 18th centuryD doubt the historians research result（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author uses the example in the end of Paragraph 2 to_.A illustrate that laboring people were ignoredB illustrate that laboring people also had great consumptive powe

22、rC predict that laboring people would always shift to capital urban breweriesD explain why capitalists had such great consumptive power（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is NOT a possilde motive for luxury consumption mentioned in the passage?A People enjoy buying things.B Manufactures boas

23、t their products.C Consumers need to satisfy themselves in certain ways.D People liked learning from the rich s example.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What does the author think of McKendricks claim about the luxury consumption consequences?A He partly agrees with McKendrick s opinion.B He thinks McKendriek n

24、eed more examples Go prove himself.C He disagrees with MeKendrick because he pays no attention to iron manufacture or textile mills.D He disagrees with McKendriek because his elemi was narrow and absolute.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What does the author think of the key questions?A They are completely sett

25、led by historians.B They need more exploration.C They can t be settled in the near future.D They will be settled soon.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For years, smokers have been exhorted to take the initiative and quit: use a nicotine patch, chew nicotine gum, take a prescription medicatio

26、n that can help, call a help line, just say no. But a new study finds that stopping is seldom an individual decision. Smokers tend to quit in groups, the study finds, which means smoking cessation programs should work best if they focus on groups rather than individuals. It also means that people ma

27、y help many more than just themselves by quitting: quitting can have a ripple effect prompting an entire social network to break the habit. The study, by Dr. Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School and James Fowler of the University of California, San Diego, followed thousands of smokers and n

28、onsmokers for 32 years, from 1971 until 2003, studying them as part of a large network of relatives, co-workers, neighbors, friends and friends of friends. It was a time when the percentage of adult smokers in the United States fell to 21 percent from 45 percent. As the investigators watched the smo

29、kers and their social networks, they saw what they said was a striking effectsmokers had formed little social clusters and, as the years went by, entire clusters of smokers were stopping en masse. So were clusters of clusters that were only loosely connected. Dr. Christakis described watching the va

30、nishing clusters as like lying on your back in a field, looking up at stars that were burning out. “Its not like one little star turning off at a time,“ he said,“Whole constellations are blinking off at once. “ As cluster after cluster of smokers disappeared, those that remained were pushed to the m

31、argins of society, isolated, with fewer friends, fewer social connections. “Smokers used to be the center of the party,“ Dr. Fowler said, “but now theyve become wallflowers.“ “Weve known smoking was bad for your physical health,“ he said,“But this shows it also is bad for your social health. Smokers

32、 are likely to drive friends away. “ “There is an essential public health message,“ said Richard Suzman, director of the office of behavioral and social research at the National Institute on Aging, which financed the study. “Obviously, people have to take responsibility for their behavior,“ Mr. Suzm

33、an said. “But a social environment,“ he added, “can just overpower free will. “ With smoking, that can be a good thing, researchers noted. But there also is a sad side. As Dr. Steven Sehroeder of the University of California, San Francisco, pointed out in an editorial accompanying the paper, “a risk

34、 of the marginalization of smoking is that it further isolates the group of people with the highest rate of smokingpersons with mental illness, problems with substance abuse, or both. /（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements is true according to the opening paragraph? A Smokers have been pre

35、vented from quit smoking for years. B It is rare that smokers make a decision to quit. C It is preferable to abstain from smoking in groups. D Nonsmoker could be affected because of the ripple effects.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “en masse“ (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means_. A at large B a

36、ll together C in the end D respectively（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).By saying “but now they ve become wallflowers“ (Line 3, Paragraph 4), Dr. Fowler intends to show that_. A those who are isolated by clusters tend to quit smoking B those who keep smoking are now loosely connected to their previous groups C

37、those ongoing smokers tend to drive their friend away in parties D smoking in clusters are bad for the health of individuals and society alike（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What can we conclude from the last paragraph? A Social responsibility is widely-acknowledged. B Smokers ignoring social environment are s

38、elf-centered. C Going on smoking is wrong-headed. D Social influence on smoking is double-edged.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A Big Social Factor in Quitting Smoking B How to Quit Smoking Efficiently C Ripple Effect within Social Networks D Margina

39、lization of Smoking Is Dangerous（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Education is one of the key words of our time. A man, without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of unfortunate circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of

40、 the importance of education, modern states “invest“ in institutions of learning to get back “interest“ in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, is punctuated by textbooks-those purch

41、asable wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on “facts and figures“ and more on a good mem

42、ory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of “college“ imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tr

43、adition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the “equal start“ which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to reach again. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek

44、 and to receive the traditional instruction is binding on all. There are no “illiterates“-if the term can be applied to peoples without a script-while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England 1976, and is still non-existent in a number of

45、“civilized“ nations. This shows how long it was before we considered it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the “happy few“ during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal star

46、t. There is none of the hurry that, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savages know of no “juvenile delinquency“. No necessity of making a living away from

47、 home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to “buy“ an education for his child.Notes: juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪。（分数：10.00）(1).The word “interest“ in the first paragraph most probably meansA pleasure.B returns.C share.D knowledge.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Accordi

48、ng to the text, the author seems to beA against the education in the very early historic times.B in favor of the educational practice in primitive cultures.C positive about our present educational instruction.D quite happy to see an equal start for everyone.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the text thatA some families now can hardly afford to send their children to school.B everyone today has an equal opportunity in education.C every country invests heavily in education.D we are not very certain whether preachers are necessary or not.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the text