【考研类试卷】西医综合-生理学-6及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-生理学-6 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast agricultural hinterland. Market days (1) the crowded city even mor

2、e crowded, as farmers from within a (2) of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, vegetables, cider and other products for direct sale to the (3) . The High Street Market was continuously (4) throughout the period until 1736, (5) it (6) from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened o

3、n Second Street. The next year the Callow Hill Market began (7) . Along with market days, the (8) of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia (9) after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The (10) provided a means of bringing handmade goods from (11) places to wo

4、uld-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, (12) , were popular items. Auctions were another popular (13) of trade. Because of the competition, retail (14) opposed these as well as the fairs. (15) governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, t

5、he ordinary (16) of economic development was on the merchantsside, as increasing business specialization became the (17) of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear (18) general stores selling a variety of goods. One of th

6、e reasons Philadelphias merchants prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, (19) , in the capital city of the province, (20) to not only the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony.（分数：10.00）(

7、1).A followed B saw C witted D increased（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A radiation B extent C radius D territory（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A townspeople B farmers C merchants D governors（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A envisioned B endangered C enriched D enlarged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A that B what C how D when（分数：0.50）A.B.C.

8、D.(6).A varied B ranged C reached D differed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A operation B sale C cooperation D corporation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A culture B institution C deed D malpractice（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A therefore B hardly C still D even（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A state B fairs C farmers D cities（分数：0.50）A.B

9、.C.D.(11).A outweighing B outreaching C outlying D outrageous（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A however B for example C moreover D in comparison（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A solution B format C style D form（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A merchants B farmers C businessmen D citizens（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A Now that B Since C

10、Although D If（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A course B trick C velocity D hatch（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A command B order C recommendation D sequence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A in addition to B for the purpose of C with regard to D at the risk of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A for all B above all C at all D after all（分数：0.

11、50）A.B.C.D.(20).A resorting B turning C catering D committing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The unknown pervades the universe. That which people can see, with the aid of various sorts of telescope, accounts for just 4% of the total

12、mass. The rest, however, must exist. Without it, galaxies would not survive and the universe would not be gently expanding, as witnessed by astronomers. What exactly constitutes this dark matter and dark energy remains mysterious, but physicists have recently uncovered some more clues, about the for

13、mer, at least.One possible explanation for dark matter is a group of subatomic particles called neutrinos. Neutrinos are thought to be the most abundant particles in the universe. According to the Standard Model, the most successful description of particle physics to date, neutrinos come in three va

14、rieties, called “flavors“. Again, according to the Standard Model, they are point-like, electrically neutral and massless. But in recent years, this view has been challenged, as physicists realized that neutrinos might have mass.The first strong evidence came in 1998, when researchers at an experime

15、nt, based in Japan, showed that muon neutrinos produced by cosmic rays hitting the upper atmosphere had gone missing by the time they should have reached an underground detector. Its operators suspect that the missing muon neutrinos had changed flavor, becoming electron neutrinos or-more likely-tau

16、neutrinos. Theo- ry suggests that this process, called oscillation, can happen only if neutrinos have mass.Over the coming months and years, researchers hope to produce the most accurate measurements yet. The researchers created a beam of muon neutrinos first. On the other side of the target sat a p

17、article detector that monitored the number of muon neutrinos leaving. The neutrinos then travelled 750km (450 miles) through the Earth to a detector in a former iron mine in Soudan, Minnesota. Researchers then were able to confirm that a significant number of muon neutrinos had disappeared-that is,

18、they had changed flavor. While their mass is so small that neutrinos cannot be the sole constituent of dark matter, they have an advantage in that they are at least known to exist.The same cannot be said for sure of another possible form of dark matter being studied by a group of physicists in Italy

19、. If the result continues to withstand scrutiny, it would appear to be evidence for an exotic new sort of fundamental particle, known as an axion, which could also be a type of dark matter.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word “pervades“(Line 1, Para. 1) mean?A Be of higher rank or authority.B To spread

20、through the whole extent of.C To gain the victory or superiority.D To make something come true.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What aspect about neutrinos has been questioned in recent years?A Neutrinos are in the shape of points.B There are altogether three different varieties of Neutrinos.C Neutrinos do not

21、have any mass.D Neutrinos are the most abundant particles in the universe.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).How should we understand the process of oscillation?A Cosmic rays are used to produce muon neutrinos.B Muon neutrinos went missing during experiments.C Cosmic rays hit the upper atmosphere.D One flavor of

22、neutrinos is changed into another one.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which one of the following is NOT true about the experiment mentioned in Paragraph 4 ?A It can be used to confirm previous suspects about neutrinos.B The number of muon neutrinos changed in the process of the experiment.C A more accurate num

23、ber can be put on the mass of neutrinos based on this experiment.D The result of the experiment contradicts that in 1998.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which one of the following statements is true about axion?A It is known for sure to exist although not enough evidence is available.B It is another possible c

24、onstituent of dark matter.C The search for hypothetical particle has failed so far.D If successful, experiment will prove it to be the sole form of dark matter.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“Europe needs to import to export. “ That is the slogan of the European Commissions new strategy fo

25、r securing its economic place in the world, unveiled this week by Peter Mandelson, the European Unions commissioner for trade. The soundbite, of course, gets the economics precisely backwards: exports are the price a country must pay for its imports; Europeans toil away making stuff for others to co

26、nsume only so they can in turn get their hands on the fruits of foreign labours. But the slogan does capture two awkward truths European exporters must now confront. First, only by offering to open its own markets can the EU hope to persuade foreign countries to open theirs. But with the collapse of

27、 the Doha round of trade talks, it is not obvious to whom the Europeans should make their offers. Second, European companies are now part of elaborate global supply chains. Clumsy efforts to protect some of them from foreign competition deprive others of the cheap inputs they need to thrive in world

28、 markets. The new trade strategy looks at both of these dilemmas, among others. Though Mr Mandelson insists that he remains wedded to multilateral negotiations atthe World Trade Organisation, he also fancies pursuing a bit on the side with other willing trade partners. The EU will pick its partners

29、according to three criteria: do they offer a big, growing market? Are they cutting deals with America or Japan? And are they guilty of deterring European companies, either repelling them at the border with high tariffs, or bogging them down in cumbersome rules and regulations? The strategy names ASE

30、AN, South Korea, India and Russia as priorities, as well as two regional blocks, Mercosur and the Gulf Co-operation Council, that it is already courting. The EU will reveal its plans for China at the end of the month. The strategy also proposes to look again at how the EU protects its own borders, b

31、ecause its favored weapons are prone to backfire. For example, EU ministers decided this week to slap antidumping duties on leather shoes from Vietnam and China, which threaten shoemakers in Italy, Portugal and Spain. But the duties are opposed by Europes own retailers and some of its sportswear mak

32、ers. Letting Asian workers stitch and glue sports shoes makes it possible for such firms to employ Europeans to design and market them. Mr Mandelson presented his strategy as a way to help the EU become more competitive. Opening up to foreign rivals is, of course, an excellent way to foster competit

33、ion in cloistered domestic industries. A pity then that most of his concrete proposals were about conquering markets abroad, and that the EU is still so ready to raise its defences at home.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the Paragraph 1, how can Europeans get their hands on the fruits of foreign labours?

34、 A Europeans toil away making stuff for others to consume. B Peter Mandelson unveiled new strategy for securing its economic place in the world this week. C Slapping anti-dumping duties on other products from outside EU. D Ask ask more foreign labours to work in EU.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The reasons w

35、hy the author says the slogan does capture two awkward truths European exporters must now confront include the followings except_. A EU hope to persuade foreign countries to open their markets by offering to open its owns although it is not obvious to whom the Europeans should make their offers B ot

36、her countries were repelling EU companies at the border with high tariffs C European companies are now part of elaborate global supply chains D efforts to protect some of European companies from foreign competition may deprive others of the cheap inputs which these EU companies need to thrive in wor

37、ld markets（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following is not a basic standard of EU for picking its partners? A Offering a big, growing market. B Not bogging them down in cumbersome rules and regulations C Not deterring European companies from their countries D Cutting deals with America or Japan（分数

38、：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word “pity“(Line 3, Paragragh 5) refers to_. A competition in cloistered domestic industries B opening up to foreign rivals C Mr Mandelsons strategy D his proposals were about conquering markets abroad while EU is still so ready to raise its defenses at home（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5)

39、.Which of the following could be authors judgment of the strategy? A Infeasible proposal. B A perfect solution. C Effective defense against rivals. D Positive change.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the Uni

40、ted States left the South, where the majority of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that most of the migrants in what has come to be called the G

41、reat Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of cotton industry following boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First W

42、orld War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has n

43、ever been investigated in detail. Although numerous investigations document a flight from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the

44、Black work force reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits“, the federal census category roughly including the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue t

45、hat an employed population could be tempted to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths, masons, ca

46、rpenters-which had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries-tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages

47、in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the co

48、ntinuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic proble

49、ms in the North to their rural backgrounds comes into question.（分数：10.00）(1).The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?A United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930.B The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910.C The federal