【考研类试卷】西医综合-生理学-5及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-生理学-5 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Strange things have been happening to England. Still (1) from the dissolution of the empire in the years (2) World War , now the English find they are not even British. As the cherished “United Kingdom“ breaks into its (3) par

2、ts, Scots are clearly (4) and the Welsh, Welsh. But who exactly are the English? Whats left of them, with everything but the (5) half of their island taken away? Going back in time to (6) roots doesnt help. First came the Celts, then the Romans, then Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes. Invasion after inva

3、sion, until the Norman Conquest. English national identity only seemed to find its (7) later, on the shifting sands of expansionism, from Elizabethan times onwards. The empire seemed to seal it. But now theres just England, (8) of a green island in the northern seas, lashed by rain, scarred by two (

4、9) of vicious industrialization fallen (10) dereliction, ruined, as DH. Lawrence thought, by “the tragedy of ugliness,“ its abominable architecture. Of all English institutions, the one to (11) on would surely be the pub. Shelter to Chaucers pilgrims, home to Falstaff and Hal, throne of felicity to

5、Dr. Johnson, the pub- that smoky, yeasty den of jollity-is the womb of (12) , if anywhere is. Yet in the midst of this national (13) crisis, the pub, the mainstay of English life, a staff driven (14) into the sump of history, (15) as the Saxons, is suddenly dying and evolving at (16) rates. Closing

6、at something like a rate of more than three a day, pubs have become (17) enough that for the first time since the Domesday Book, more than half the villages in England no longer have one. Its a rare pub that still (18) , or even limps on, by being what it was (19) to be: a drinking establishment. Th

7、e old (20) of a pub as a place for a “session,“ a lengthy, restful, increasingly tipsy evening of swigging, is all but defunct. （分数：10.00）(1).A reeling B struggling C running D passing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A before B followed C following D with（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A comprising B constituent C form D

8、ingredient（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A Scotland B Scotch C Scottish D Irish（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A northern B western C eastern D southern（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A look B trace C search D hunt（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A feet B resources C core D reflection（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A full B little C half D all（分数：0.50）A

9、.B.C.D.(9).A years B decades C centuries D periods（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A from B out C away D into（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A remember B count C raise D differentiate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A Englishness B Britishness C Scottishness D Welshness（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A identity B financial C economic D poli

10、tical（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A up B down C right D left（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A historical B barbarian C old D remote（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A equal B different C unprecedented D fast（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A enough B scarce C cheap D popular（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A thrives B closes C stands D exists（分数：0.5

11、0）A.B.C.D.(19).A asked B born C meant D required（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A belief B idea C reflection D circumstance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)No doll outshines Barbies celebrity. If all the Barbies and her family members-Skipper,

12、Francie and the rest-sold since 1959 were placed head to toe, they would circle the Earth more than seven times. And sales are sure to boom in 2009, when the fashion doll celebrates her 50th birthday on March 9th. Barbie will star at an array of global events honouring her milestone, possibly includ

13、ing a glitzy affair at New Yorks Fashion Week in February (most of the worlds top fashion designers, from Givenchy to Alexander McQueen, have designed haute couture for her). On her birthday, Mattel, the company that makes her, will launch a souvenir doll honouring the original Barbie in her black-a

14、nd-white striped swimsuit and perfect ponytail. It will be available for purchase only that one day. Another Golden Anniversary doll targets collectors. Barbie fans have planned hundreds of events, including the National Barbie Doll Collectors Convention in Washington, DC, which is already sold out.

15、 When Ruth Handler created Barbie in 1959, a post-war culture and economy thrived but girls still played with baby dolls. These toys limited the imagination; so Handler introduced Barbie the Teen-Age Fashion Model, named after her daughter, Barbara. Jackie Kennedy soon sashayed onto the world stage

16、and Barbie already had a wardrobe fit for a first lady. Barbie bestowed on girls the opportunity to dream beyond suburbia, even if Ken at times tagged along. Barbie entranced Europe in 1961 and now sells in 150 countries. Every second three Barbies are sold around the world. Her careers are myriad-m

17、odel, astronaut, Olympic swimmer, palaeontologist and rock star, along with 100 others, including president. Like any political candidate, controversy hit Barbie in 1992 when Teen Talk Barbie said “Math class is tough“ and girls education became a national issue. She has been banned (in Saudi Arabia

18、), tortured (by pre-teen girls, according to researchers at the University of Baths School of Management) and fattened (in 1997). Feminists continue to bash Barbie, claiming that her beauty and curves treat women as objects. But others see her as a pioneer trendsetter, crashing the glass ceiling lon

19、g before Hillary Clinton cracked it. High-tech entertainment now attracts girls and Barbie also faces fierce competition from various copycats including the edgier, but less glare, Bratz dolls. The Bratz suffered a setback in 2008Mattel sued MGA Entertainment, Bratzs producer, for copyright infringe

20、ment. A judge awarded Mattel $100 million in damages. Mattel has smartly ensured that Barbie products reflect current trends. Through two Barbie websites, girls can design clothes, network and play games. The pink Barbie brand is licensed for products from DVDs and MP3 players to bicycles and even 2

21、4-carat gold and crystal jewellery. Barbie collectors fuel an entire global industry on eBay and at conventions. To entice collectors, Mattel regularly releases pricey limited-edition dolls based on characters in films and popular culture. Industry analysts believe Barbie will remain a bestselling a

22、nd lasting icon regardless of competition. “Barbies been out in the world and had fun, and shes ready for her second career,“ says Rachel Weingarten, a pop culture expert. “I dont see her adopting five children from five different countries, but I could see Barbie with a conscience, activist Barbie.

23、 “ At 50 Barbie will also be a marvel of plastic surgery and eternal youth. And she still knows how to party. （分数：10.00）(1).What is Ruth Handlers motivation of creating Barbie? A Physical scarcity after World War II. B Unavailability of dolls for teenagers. C Incapacity of education institutions in

24、post-war Europe. D Peoples desire for a new doll.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What does “Her careers are myriad“ refer to? A Barbie is designed by people with various careers. B Barbie can be used in many different careers. C Barbie is welcomed by people of all professions. D Barbie exhibits images of peopl

25、e in various professions.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What can you tell from? But others see her as a pioneer trendsetter, crashing the glass ceiling long before Hillary Clinton cracked it“? A Barbie dolls are all contained in glass containers. B Barbie as an icon shows the trend of breaking the gender prej

26、udice. C Barbie dolls factories have glass ceiling. D Hillary Clinton used Barbie doll for her presidency campaign.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the text, what competitions does Barbie face? A Girls now do not like Barbie. B Other companies produce similar products as Barbie. C The sales volume

27、is likely to drop in the coming years. D The company is facing serious financial crisis.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which is NOT right according to Rachel Weingartens comment in the last paragraph? A Barbie has already been an icon of a pop culture. B Barbie can still stimulate peoples enthusiasm. C Barbie

28、 has produced different models in different countries. D Barbie will assume a new role in the pop culture.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When two of the worlds richest and mightiest men pledge to destroy an enemy, it is time to pay attention. Bill Gates, the former boss of Microsoft who no

29、w devotes all his time to his charitable foundation, travelled this week to New York, the city run by Michael Bloomberg, to join his fellow billionaires campaign to stamp out smoking. Have the two potentates met their match? Despite decades of work by health campaigners, more than one billion people

30、 still smoke today. Smoking kills up to half of those who fail to quit puffing, reducing their lives by an average of 10 to 15 years. The World Health Organisation (WHO) says more than 5 million people a year die early from the effects (direct or indirect) of tobacco. That exceeds the combined toll

31、of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Despite that dismal situation, there are three reasons to give the latest pair of campaigners a slim chance of success: money, methods and motivation. Messrs Gates and Bloomberg vowed to spend a combined total of $ 500 million on discouraging the weed. Since Mr

32、. Bloombergs charity had already announced an award of $125 million earlier, the new money pledged this week totalled a “mere“ $ 375 million: $ 250 million from the mayor, and a fresh $ 125 million from the software magnates philanthropic outfit. How will this cash be spent? In quite innovative ways

33、, and that is a second reason for optimism. Hitherto, most anti-smoking funds have been channelled through a few large bureaucracies. But Mr. Bloombergs charity wants to let a thousand flowers bloom: in other words, to lend a hand to many initiatives, both public and private, to see what works. Ther

34、e will be a competitive grant scheme for poor countries where the tobacco habit is spreading. The very fact that two giants are teaming up is a landmark in American philanthropy- comparable to Warren Buffetts decision, two years ago, to put his fortune at the disposal of Mr. Gates foundation. As par

35、t of their joint commitment, Mr. Gates is giving some of his $ 125 million directly to Mr. Bloombergs charity; the rest will go to carefully monitored projects in India, China and other places where the number of smokers is rising relentlessly. Then there is motivation. There are other big players i

36、n this cause, and that should induce every new entrant to try bringing something fresh to the party. Earlier this year the WHO started a campaign against tobacco known as MPower. One of its selling points was that in contrast with many other projects, it had a fairly clear idea about what was needed

37、. WHO experts have listed a series of tactics, ranging from aggressive public education to a rise in tobacco taxes, that deliver results. (Even if high taxes lead to some smuggling and diversion, studies done in Brazil, for example, show that fiscal measures do curb consumption. ) The World Bank, wh

38、ich funded that research, is also thought to be ready to join the anti-smoking scrum after years of paying little attention. A crowded field, indeed. But having an extra $ 500 million from two hard-driven billionaires surely wont hurt. （分数：10.00）(1).What does “stamp out“ in the first paragraph proba

39、bly mean? A Crush severely. B Mark significantly. C Destroy completely. D Wipe heavily.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).As to the money of this campaign, which of the following statements is TRUE? A Messrs Gates and Bloomberg will assume all the money needed for this campaign. B Money from Mr. Bloomberg will pa

40、rtly be included in the budget of New York City. C Messrs Gates offered more money than Bloomberg did this week. D There will be a combined total of $ 875 million for this campaign.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, how will the money be spent? A On government-lead projects only. B On eithe

41、r public or private projects, as long as it works. C Mainly on promoting anti-smoking campaign in developing countries. D On supporting the law suits against tobacco companies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What is the unique significance of the MPower campaign? A It is backed by many powerful organizations a

42、nd companies. B It has a clear idea of what measures should be taken. C It has top specialists of WHO being the counselors. D It adopts fiscal, administrative and medical measures.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What can we infer from the last paragraph about the authors attitude towards this campaign? A Neutr

43、al. B Negative. C Affirmative. D Not sure.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)After World War the glorification of an ever-larger GNP formed the basis of a new materialism, which became a sacred obligation for all Japanese governments, businesses and trade unions. Anyone who mentioned the undes

44、irable by-products of rapid economic growth was treated as a heretic. Consequently, everything possible was done to make conditions easy for the manufacturers. Few dared question the wisdom of discharging untreated waste into the nearest water body or untreated smoke into the atmosphere. This silenc

45、e was maintained by union leaders as well as by most of the countrys radicals; except for a few isolated voices, no one protested. An insistence on treatment of the various effluents would have necessitated expenditures on treatment equipment that in turn would have given rise to higher operating co

46、sts. Obviously, this would have meant higher prices for Japanese goods, and ultimately fewer sales and lower industrial growth and GNP.The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated by the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947.

47、After surveying Japans educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the countrys universities and technical institutions.

48、 In contrast, the recommendation to form sanitary engineering departments was more or less ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments.The reluctance to divert funds from production to co

49、nservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution, but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country t