【考研类试卷】西医综合-生理学-3及答案解析.doc

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1、西医综合-生理学-3 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)There is a difference between science and technology. Science is a method of answering (1) questions; technology is a method of solving practical problems. Science has to do with discovering the facts and relationships between

2、 (2) phenomena in nature and with establishing theories that (3) to organize these facts and relationships; technology has to do with tools, techniques, and (3) for applying the findings of science. Another (5) between science and technology has to do with the progress in each.Progress in science (6

3、) the human factor. Scientists, who seek to understand the universe and know the truth within the highest degree of (7) and certainty, cannot (8) their own or other peoples likes or dislikes or to popular ideas about the fitness of things. What scientists discover may shock or (9) people-as did Darw

4、ins theory of evolution. But even an unpleasant truth is (10) than likely to be useful; besides, we have the choice of refusing to believe it! But (11) so with technology; we do not have the choice of refusing to hear the sound produced by a supersonic aircraft flying overhead; we cannot refuse to b

5、reathe polluted air. (12) science, progress in technology must be measured (13) the human factor. The purpose of technology is to serve peoplepeople (14) , not merely some people; and future generations, not merely those who presently wish to (15) advantage for themselves.We are all familiar with th

6、e (16) use of technology. Many people blame technology itself (17) widespread pollution, resource depletion (枯竭) and even social decay in generalso much (18) the promise of technology is “ (19) “ That promise is a cleaner and healthier world. If wise applications of science and technology do not (20

7、) a better world, what else will?（分数：10.00）(1).A abstract B theoretical C profound D concrete（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A discernible B negligible C sustainable D observable（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A serve B assume C intend D prove（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A procedures B facilities C proceedings D apparatuses（分数：0

8、.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A implication B friction C discrimination D distinction（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A distracts B excludes C expels D disposes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A integrity B loyalty C accuracy D consistency（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A ward off B make use of C work up D pay attention to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A an

9、ger B flare C ignite D blare（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A better B other C less D more（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A hardly B nearly C virtually D rarely（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A Without B Despite C Unlike D Regarding（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A in terms of B by means of C by virtue of D as a result of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.

10、(14).A in nature B on average C on the whole D in general（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A take B gain C make D win（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A invalid B illiterate C indecent D improper（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A for B on C with D of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A in that B as if C so that D if only（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A di

11、scharged B sophisticated C obscured D dissolved（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A turn into B amount to C go into D lead to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)She was French; he was English; they had just moved to London from Paris. When he found o

12、ut about her affair, she begged for a reconciliation. He was more ruthless: the same afternoon, he filed for divorce in France, one of the stingiest jurisdictions in Europe for the non-earning spouse and where adultery affects the courts ruling. Had she filed first in England her conduct would have

13、been irrelevant, and she would have had a good chance of a large share of the marital assets, and even maintenance for life. International divorce is full of such dramas and anomalies, so the natural response of policymakers is to try to make things simpler and more predictable. But the biggest atte

14、mpt in recent years to do just that, in a European agreement called Rome , has just been shelved. Instead, several EU countries are now pressing ahead with their own harmonisation deal. Many wonder if it will work any better. At issue is the vexed question of which countrys law applies to the break-

15、up of a mixed marriage. The spouses may live long-term in a third country and be temporarily working in a fourth. The worst way to sort that out is with expensive legal battles in multiple jurisdictions. The main principle at present is that the first court to be approached hears the case. Introduce

16、d in 2001, this practice has worked well in preventing international legal battles, but has made couples much more trigger-happy, because the spouse who hesitates in order to save a troubled marriage may lose a huge amount of money. Rome III aimed to remove the incentive to go to court quickly. Inst

17、ead, courts in any EU country would automatically apply the local law that had chiefly governed the marriage. This approach is already in force in countries such as the Netherlands. A couple that moved there and sought divorce having spent most of the marriage in France, say, would find a Dutch cour

18、t dividing assets and handling child custody according to French law. That works fine among continental European countries where legal systems, based on Roman law, leave little role for precedent or the judges discretion. You can look up the rules on a website and apply them. But it is anathema in p

19、laces such as England, where the system favours a thorough (and often expensive) investigation of the details of each case, and then lets judges decide according to previous cases and English law. Another snag is that what may suit middle-class expatriates in Brussels (who just happened to be the pe

20、ople drafting Rome ) may not suit, for example, a mixed marriage that has mainly been based in a country, perhaps not even an EU member, with“ a sharply different divorce law. Swedish politicians dont like the idea that their courts would be asked to enforce marriage laws based on, say, Islamic shar

21、ia. The threat of vetoes from Sweden and like-minded countries has blocked Rome . But a group of nine countries, led by Spain and France, is going ahead. They are resorting to a provision in EU rules-never before invoked-called “ enhanced co-operation“ This sets a precedent for a “multi-speed“ Europ

22、e in which like-minded countries are allowed to move towards greater integration, rather than seeking a “big-bang“ binding treaty that scoops up the willing and unwilling alike. Some countries worry that using enhanced co-operation will create unmanageable layers of complexity, with EU law replaced

23、by multiple adhoc agreements. The real lesson may be that Rome III was just too ambitious. A more modest but useful goal would be simply to clarify the factors that determine which court hears a divorce, and then let that court apply its own law. David Hodson, a British expert, proposes an internati

24、onal deal that would start by giving greatest weight to any prenuptial agreement, followed by long-term residency, and then take into account other factors such as nationality. That would then make it easier to end marriages amicably, with mediation and out-of-court agreement, rather than a race to

25、start the beastly business of litigation. （分数：10.00）(1).What does the author try to express by setting out the example in the first paragraph? A Divorce filed in England will be advantageous. B France stipulates rigid laws towards divorce. C In Europe international divorce cases always encounter the

26、 problem that which countrys law is applicable. D International marriages shall be discouraged due to the complexity in divorce affairs.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following may possibly be the reason for why several EU countries are now pressing ahead with their own harmonisation deal? A Veto

27、es from some countries blocked Rome III from being put into effect. B Citizens in those countries require the government to do so. C Rome was just too ambitious to encompass all the issues that may occur in Europe, thus lacking of feasibility in specific cases. D Differences between civil law system

28、 and common law system force this.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What does “trigger-happy“ in the fourth paragraph most probably mean7 A Couples are more inclined to divorce, being detrimental to the matrimonial stability of Europe. B Couples are more inclined to quarrel during the divorce, postponing the set

29、tlement of the case. C Couples that fail to divorce would be ashamed into anger, thus pursing extreme ways. D Couples that want to divorce are more inclined to file their case to the courts in the country where they live.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What is the ultimate problem with Rome according to the au

30、thor? A It is not passed in all the member countries in EU. B Important amendments fail to be applied to make it more applicable. C Its rules are not applicable in all the member countries. D It is too ambitious to encompass all the issues that may occur in Europe, thus lacking of feasibility in spe

31、cific cases.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the text, what might possibly be a reasonable course in determining which court hears a divorce.9 A Prenuptial agreement-long-term residency-nationality B Long-term residency-birth place-nationality of the party who filed divorce C Prenuptial agreement-n

32、ationality-birth place D Court first hears the case-prenuptial agreement-long-term residency（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)“Popular art“ has a number of meanings, impossible to define with any precision, which range from folklore to junk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends to

33、 blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930s for example, has elements of folklore, but is closer to junk than to high art or folk art. There can be great trash, just as there is bad high art. The musicals of George Gershwin are great popular art, never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, howeve

34、r, used elements of popular music-folk themes-in works clearly intended as high art. The case of Verdi is a different one: he took a popular genre-bourgeois melodrama set to music (an accurate definition of nineteenth-century opera) and, without altering its fundamental nature, transmuted it into hi

35、gh art. This remains one of the greatest achievements in music, and one that cannot be fully appreciated without recognizing the essential trashiness of the genre.As an example of such a transmutation, consider what Verdi made of the typical political elements of nineteenth-century opera. Generally

36、in the plots of these operas, a hero or heroine-usually portrayed only as an individual, unfettered by class-is caught between the immoral corruption of the aristocracy and the doctrinaire rigidity or secret greed of the leaders of the proletariat. Verdi transforms this naive and unlikely formulatio

37、n with music of extraordinary energy and rhythmic vitality, music more subtle than it seems at first hearing. There are scenes and arias that still sound like calls to arms and were clearly understood as such when they were first performed. Such pieces lend an immediacy to the otherwise veiled polit

38、ical message of these operas and call up feelings beyond those of the opera itself.Or consider Verdis treatment of character. Before Verdi, there were rarely any characters at all in musical drama, only a series of situations which allowed the singers to express a series of emotional states. Any att

39、empt to find coherent psychological portrayal in these operas is misplaced ingenuity. The only coherence was the singers vocal technique: when the cast changed, new arias were almost always substituted, generally adapted from other operas. Verdis characters, on the other hand, have genuine consisten

40、cy and integrity. Even if, in many casals, the consistency is that of pasteboard melodrama, the integrity of the character is achieved through the music: once he had become established. Verdi did not rewrite his music for differenf singers or countenance alterations or substitutions of somebody else

41、s arias in one of his operas, as every eighteenth-century composer had done. When he revised an opera, it was only for dramatic economy and effectiveness.（分数：10.00）(1).This passage is mainlyA a survey of drama music.B about the elements in popular music.C a review of popular art.D about dramatic eco

42、nomy and effectiveness.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The writer asserts that the definition of popular art isA quite accurate.B rather elusive.C fairly clear.D very dubious.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).it can be inferred from the text that the achievements by VerdiA are too subtle to recognize.B defy any precise def

43、inition.C are the envy of his times.D earn him great reputation.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The writer mentions the political elements in 19th century opera to illustrateA the political messages exposed.B the universal recognition of high art.C the intended changes in popular art.D heroes and heroines ment

44、al states.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the text, Verdis creative treatment of characters is performed throughA his frequent re-writing of an opera.B his coherent psychological portrayal.C his consistent aspiration to high art.D his effective maneuvers of music.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数

45、：10.00)If you are a tourist interested in seeing a baseball game while in New York, you can find out which of its teams are in town simply by sending a message to AskForC. In a few minutes, the answer comes back, apparently supplied by a machine, but actually composed by a human. Using humans to pro

46、cess information in a machine-like way is not new: it was pioneered by the Mechanical Turk, a famed 18th-century chess-playing machine that was operated by a hidden chessmaster. But while computers have since surpassed the human brain at chess, many tasks still baffle even the most powerful electron

47、ic brain.For instance, computers can find you a baseball schedule, but they cannot tell you directly if the Yankees are in town. Nor can they tell you whether sitting in the bleachers is a good idea on a first date. AskForCents can, because its answers come from people. “Whatever question you can co

48、me up with, theres a person that can provide the answeryou dont have the inflexibility of an algorithm-driven system,“ says Jesse Heitler, who developed AskForCents. Mr. Heitler was able to do this thanks to a new software tool developed by Amazon, the online retailer, that allows computing tasks to

49、 be farmed out to people over the internet. Aptly enough, Amazons system is called Mechanical Turk.Amazons Turk is part toolkit for software developers, and part online bazaar: anyone with intemet access can register as a Turk user and start performing the Human Intelligence Tasks (HITs) listed on the Turk websi