【考研类试卷】山东大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2013年及答案解析.doc

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1、山东大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题 2013 年及答案解析(总分：81.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、Part I Grammar and V(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that _ the speakers stopped for deferments. （分数：1.00）A.at largeB.at intervalsC.at easeD.at random2.When traveling, you are advised to take travelers checks, whic

2、h provide a secure _ to carrying your money in cash.（分数：1.00）A.substituteB.selectionC.inferenceD.alternative3.I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a _ character. （分数：1.00）A.graciousB.suspiciousC.uniqueD.particular4.Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all su

3、bstances near it, and this _ produces artificial cold surrounding it. （分数：1.00）A.absorptionB.transitionC.consumptionD.interaction5.Language, culture, and personality may be considered _ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. （分数：1.00）A.IndistinctlyB.separatelyC.irrelevantlyD.ind

4、ependently6.Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th _ the birth of Jesus Christ. （分数：1.00）A.in accordance withB.in terms ofC.in favor ofD.in honor of7.To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must _ the qualities and varieties of products we mak

5、e to the world market demand. （分数：1.00）A.improveB.enhanceC.guaranteeD.gear8.To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed _ and means of packing. （分数：1.00）A.specimensB.inspectionsC.samplesD.specifications9.Many of the condi

6、tions that _ population pressures - overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness - lead to dissatisfaction. （分数：1.00）A.bring forwardB.give rise toC.feed up withD.result from10.Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily _ for a month or a year as for a single day. （分

7、数：1.00）A.put upB.stay upC.speed upD.make up11.The fact that the earths surface heats _ provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region. （分数：1.00）A.infrequentlyB.irregularlyC.unsteadilyD.uneverny12.If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird _ a set of actions to protect its

8、offspring. （分数：1.00）A.hastensB.releasesC.devisesD.initiates13.How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be _ to tourist spending? （分数：1.00）A.attributedB.appliedC.contributedD.attached14.Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and _ for us in an advanced age;

9、and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old. （分数：1.00）A.ingredientB.relianceC.shelterD.inclination15.Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to _ wonderful bargains in the market. （分数：1.00）A.pick upB.bump intoC.pile upD.bring back16.Sci

10、entists are searching for the oldest tree _ because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change. （分数：1.00）A.livelyB.aliveC.livingD.live17.The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City _ shock and anger throughout the world. （分数：1.00）A.temptedB.provokedC.summone

11、dD.enveloped18.A 1994 World Bank report concluded that _ girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today. （分数：1.00）A.enrollingB.assigningC.involvingD.consenting19.The UN official said aid programs will be _ until there is adequate protection f

12、or relief personnel. （分数：1.00）A.multipliedB.arrestedC.spannedD.suspended20.Despite almost universal _ of the vital importance of womens literacy, education remains a dream for many women in far too many countries of the world. （分数：1.00）A.confessionB.identificationC.acknowledgementD.compliment21.Sinc

13、e the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now _ much of their food. （分数：1.00）A.deliverB.importC.produceD.develop22.Because Jenkins neither _ nor defends either management or the striking workers, both aides admire his journalistic （分数：1.00）A.criticizes.acumenB.attacksneut

14、ralityC.confrontsaptitudeD.dismissesflair23. Some anthropologists claim that a few aps have been taught a rudimentary sign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only _ their trainers. （分数：1.00）A.imitatingB.condoningC.instructingD.acknowledging24.It is ironic that the _ insights of the grea

15、t thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mere （分数：1.00）A.oriinal clichesB.banal beliefsC.dubious habitsD.philosophical-questions25.The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevitable _ , when weight loss if not stops. （分数：1.00）A.moods acceleratesB.feasts haltsC.holidays contracts

16、D.plateaus slows26.Since the authors unflattering references to her friends were so _ , she was surprised that her _ were recognized. （分数：1.00）A.laudatory stylesB.obvious anecdotesC.oblique allusionsD.critical eulogies27.If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does not the er

17、osion of religion herald the _ of moraliy? （分数：1.00）A.regulationB.basisC.beliefD.collapse28.Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be _ , and therefore external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species. （分数：1.00）A.learned i

18、mmune toB.innate unaffected byC.intricate belong toD.specific confused with29.Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy _ at any price. （分数：1.00）A.orderB.emancipationC.hopeD.liberty30.As a person who combines care with _ ,Marisa completed her duties with _ as

19、 well as zeal. （分数：1.00）A.levity resignationB.enthusiasm meticulousnessC.vitality willingnessD.empathy rigor二、Part Close(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry called biotechnology. As the name _31_ , it combines biology and modern technology through such _3

20、2_ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, _33_ in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that _34_ disease, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. _35_ such goals could be

21、achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised _36_ about genetically engineered crops. “In nature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits,“ says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. “A rose can be crossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, but a los

22、e will _37_ cross with a potato .“ Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to _38_ a desired property or character. This could mean, _39_ , selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with a

23、ntifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes _40_ from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. _41_ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls

24、 that _42_ species. Like the green revolution, (43)what some call the gene revolution (44)contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical

25、copies, or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. We are flying blindly into a new (49) of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, an

26、d little idea of the potensial (50) , said science writer Jeremy Rifkin. （分数：20.00）A.suggestsB.recallsC.concernsD.advisesA.conceptsB.viewsC.techniquesD.coursesA.participateB.focusC.specializeD.involveA.treatB.avoidC.opposeD.resistA.IfB.UnlessC.SinceD.AsA.demandsB.topicsC.concernsD.lessonsA.sometimes

27、B.neverC.frequentlyD.eventuallyA.conveyB.transferC.selectD.collectA.for exampleB.for one thingC.on one handD.in any caseA.resultedB.evolvedC.injectedD.takenA.In contrastB.In thatC.In caseD.In essenceA.separateB.formC.createD.varyA.whatB.whereC.asD.soA.combinesB.contributesC.commandsD.breaksA.thatB.b

28、ecauseC.ifD.whenA.likeB.for exampleC.asD.isA.resemblingB.alikeC.similarD.identicalA.issuesB.heightC.difficultiesD.goalsA.spotB.eraC.deadlineD.schemeA.navigationsB.mysteryC.outcomesD.destinations三、Part Reading Compr(总题数：4，分数：20.00)Passage 1 The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have

29、tried to be all things to all people. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is

30、 that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, the nations colleges and universities are more successful in providing cr

31、edentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students. The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across t

32、he disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one professor observed

33、: Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most. Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselves to teaching soon di

34、scover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that There is pressure to publish, although there is v

35、irtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications. （分数：5.00）(1).When a college tries to be all things to al people (Lines 1-2, Para. 1) it aims to _ . （分数：1.00）A.satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB.focus on training students in various

36、skillsC.encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD.make learning serve academic rather than productive ends(2).By saying that in too many academic fields, the work has no context(Lines 4-5, Pare. 1) the author means that the teaching in these areas _ . （分数：1.00）A.ignores the actual situ

37、ationB.is not based on the right perspectiveC.only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD.gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students(3).One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that _ . （分数：1.00）A.a narrow vocationalism ha

38、s come to dominate many collegesB.students dont have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learnC.skills are being taught as a means to an endD.students are only interested in obtaining credentials(4).American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candida

39、tes because _ . （分数：1.00）A.most of them lack high-quality facultiesB.the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC.there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD.they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching(5).It can be inferred from the passage t

40、hat high-quality college education calls for _ . （分数：1.00）A.putting academic work in the proper contextB.a commitment to students and effective teachingC.the practice of putting leaning to productive endsD.dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledgePassage 2 Endangered Species Endangered s

41、pecies are plants and animals that are in immediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many more species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes of climate

42、 and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the worlds e

43、nvironments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes through natural selection. Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primary cause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), cutting and clearing of f

44、orests, growth of cities, and highway and dam construction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the various surroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands l

45、ose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes. Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced disea

46、ses and parasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another important cause of their extinction. Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save declining species. Laws were made in some countries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade a

47、nd killing. International endeavors are shown in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations. Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulating and restricting trade in certain species. How effective such laws will be in various

48、countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施 ) and support by the people and the courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segments of society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch and kill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection. （分数：5.00）(1).According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinction of man s