【考研类试卷】中医综合-方剂学(一)及答案解析.doc

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1、中医综合-方剂学(一)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures children are expected to care (1) their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who (2) with t

2、heir parents (3) 65 to 70 percent. In Thailand, too, children are expected to take care of their elderly parents; few Thai elderly live (4) . What explains these differences in living arrangements (5) cultures? Modernization theory (6) the extended family household to low levels of economic developm

3、ent. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people (7) in (8) rural areas. Yet modernization theory cannot explain why extended family households were never

4、common in the United States or England, or why families in Italy, which is fully modernized, (9) a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain (10) living arrangements. Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritan

5、ce patterns. In some cultures, the stem family pattern of inheritance (11) . (12) this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then (13) their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws, (14) broader social

6、changes brought (15) by industrialization and urbanization, have (16) the (17) .In 1960 about 80 percent of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent did-a figure that is still high (18) U.S. standards, but which has been (19) steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arr

7、angements are (20) : the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent just 10 years later. Although most elderly Koreans still expect to live with a son, their adult children do not expect to live with their children when they grow old.（分数：10.00）(1).A

8、 about B after C for D over（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A reside B recite C redeem D rebel（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A amasses B amounts C attains D reaches（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A lone B alone C lonesome D lonely（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A over B across C within D above（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A associated B linked C unite

9、d D combined（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A aside B after C over D behind（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A isolated B segregated C idealized D secluded（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A maintain B promote C reserve D support（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A appointed B assigned C preserved D preferred（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A controls B overt

10、akes C predominates D overwhelms（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A at B under C by D over（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A delivers B conveys C conceives D inherits（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A as well as B might as well C as well D well as（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A off B up C around D about（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A undermined B d

11、ecreased C diminished D defeated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A authority B usage C habit D tradition（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A by B on C with D in（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A inclining B reclining C declining D reducing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A receding B removing C invading D eroding（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Readi

12、ng Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When it comes to suing doctors, Philadelphia is hardly the city of brotherly love. A combination of sprightly lawyers and sympathetic juries has made Philadelphia a hotspot for medical-malpractice lawsuits. Since 1995, Pennsylvania s

13、tate courts have awarded an average of $ 2m in such cases, according to Jury Verdict Research, a survey firm. Some medical specialists have seen their malpractice insurance premiums nearly double over the past year. Obstetricians are now paying up to $104,000 a year to protect themselves.The insuran

14、ce industry is largely to blame. Carol Golin, the Monitors editor, argues that in the 1990s insurers tried to grab market share by offering artificially low rates (betting that any losses would be covered by gains on their investments). The stock-market correction, coupled with the large legal award

15、s, has eroded the insurers reserves. Three in Pennsylvania alone have gone bust.A few doctors-particularly older ones-will quit. The rest are adapting. Some are abandoning litigation-prone procedures, such as delivering babies. Others are moving parts of their practice to neighboring states where in

16、surance rates are lower. Some from Pennsylvania have opened offices in New Jersey. New doctors may also be deterred from setting up shop in litigation havens, however prestigious.Despite a Republican president, tort reform has got nowhere at the federal level. Indeed doctors could get clobbered indi

17、rectly by a Patients Bill of Rights, which would further expose managed care companies to lawsuits. This prospect has fuelled interest among doctors in Pennsylvanias new medical malpractice reform bill, which was signed into law on March 20th. It will, among other things, give doctors $ 40m of state

18、 funds to offset their insurance premiums, spread the payment of awards out over time and prohibit individuals from double dipping-that is, suing a doctor for damages that have already been paid by their health insurer.But will it really help? Randall Bovbjerg, a health policy expert at the Urban In

19、stitute, argues that the only proper way to slow down the litigation machine would be to limit the compensation for pain and suffering, so-called “non-monetary damages“. Needless to say, a fixed cap on such awards is resisted by most trial lawyers. But Mr Bovbjerg reckons a more nuanced approach, wi

20、th a sliding scale of payments based on well-defined measures of injury, is a better way forward. In the meantime, doctors and insurers are bracing themselves for a couple more rough years before the insurance cycle turns.Nobody disputes that hospital staff make mistakes: a 1999 Institute of Medicin

21、e report claimed that errors kill at least 44,000 patients a year. But there is little evidence that malpractice lawsuits on their own will solve the problem.（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the beginning of the text that doctors in PhiladelphiaA are often overcharged.B flee out of the hot city.C are

22、 likely to be sued.D enjoy a high prestige.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).By mentioning “double-dipping“ (Paragraph 4), the author is talking aboutA compensations.B premiums.C stock shares.D investment.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the text, what encourages doctors and insurers is thatA a new reform bill

23、is coming into force.B insurance premiums could be balanced.C new medical offices have been opened up.D injuries will be precisely measured.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).To which of the following is the author most likely to agree?A The proper way is to slow down payments for injuries.B Juries tended to find

24、 fault with the compensations paid.C Low insurance rates are to blame for the potential trouble.D Legal procedures alone may not solve the rough problem.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It seems that the author is most critical ofA negligent doctors.B unfriendly patients.C insurance companies.D sympathetic lawy

25、ers.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The domestic economy in the United States expanded in a remarkably vigorous and steady fashion. The revival in consumer confidence was reflected in the higher proportion of incomes spent for goods and services and the marked increase in consumer willingne

26、ss to take on installment debt. A parallel strengthening in business psychology was manifested in a stepped-up rate of plant and equipment spending and a gradual pickup in expenses for inventory. Confidence in the economy was also reflected in the strength of the stock market and in the stability of

27、 the bond market. For the year as a whole, consumer and business sentiment benefited from the ease in East-West tensions.The bases of the business expansion were to be found mainly in the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies that had been pursued. Moreover, the restoration of sounder liquidity p

28、ositions and tighter management control of production efficiency had also helped lay the groundwork for a strong expansion. In addition, the economic policy moves made by the President had served to renew optimism on the business outlook while boosting hopes that inflation would be brought under mor

29、e effective control. Finally, of course, the economy was able to grow as vigorously as it did because sufficient leeway existed in terms of idle men and machines.The United States balance of payments deficit declined sharply. Nevertheless, by any other test, the deficit remained very large, and ther

30、e was actually a substantial deterioration in our trade account to a sizable deficit, almost two-thirds of which was with Japan. While the overall trade performance proved disappointing, there are still good reasons for expecting the delayed impact of devaluation to produce in time a significant str

31、engthening in our trade picture. Given the size of the Japanese component of our trade deficit, however, the outcome will depend importantly on the extent of the corrective measures undertaken by Japan. Also important will be our own efforts in the United States to fashion internal policies consiste

32、nt with an improvement in our external balance.The underlying task of public policy for the year ahead-and indeed for the longer run- remained a familiar one.- to strike the right balance between encouraging healthy economic growth and avoiding inflationary pressures. With the economy showing sustai

33、ned and vigorous growth, and with the currency crisis highlighting the need to improve our competitive posture internationally, the emphasis seemed to be shifting to the problem of inflation. The Phase Three program of wage and price restraint can contribute to reducing inflation. Unless productivit

34、y growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economys larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided.（分数：10.00）(1).The author mentions increased installment debt in the first paragraph in orde

35、r to showA the continuing expansion of the economy.B the growth of consumer purchasing power.C the consumers confidence in the economy.D the soaring consumer incomes for spending.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Paragraph 2 mainly deals withA the revival of stronger liquidity positions.B the stimulative monetar

36、y and fiscal policies.C the causes of business development for the period.D economic policy measures suggested by the President.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the authors attitude toward the reduction of the international payments deficit seemsA bitter-sweet.B

37、optimistic.C sympatheticD depressing.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Part of the public policy task, as outlined in the text, is toA prevent payments deficit.B avoid inflationary pressures.C devalue the dollar.D increase the balance of trade.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be learned from the last paragraph that t

38、he Phase Three program containedA reduced government spending.B devaluation of the dollar.C productivity measures.D wage and price controls.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the Europea

39、n Court of Justice decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by Americas Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU tra

40、demark directive that was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit: Levis jeans, just like Gucci handbags, must be allowed to be expensive. Levi Str

41、auss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brandswhich could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levis case is sp

42、ecious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levis jeans sold in America and Europea service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15,000 pairs of Levis jean

43、s a week, for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tescos head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks “creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance“. The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi

44、 Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroy

45、ed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere. Brand experts argue that Levi S

46、trauss, which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levis might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on

47、for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again.（分数：10.00）(1). Which of the following is not true according to Paragraph 1? A Consumers and free traders were very angry. B Only the Levis maker can decide the prices of the jeans. C The ruling has protected Levis from price dumping. D

48、 Levis jeans should be sold at a high price.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2). Guccis success shows that_. A it has changed its fate with its own effort B Gucci has successfully saved its own image C opening its own stores is the key to success D it should be the courts duty to save its image（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “specious“ (Line 4, Paragraph 2) in the context probably means_. A responsible for oneself B having too many doubts C not as it seems to be D raising misunderstanding（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4). According to the passage, the doomed fate of Levis is caused by such factors except that_.