【考研类试卷】考研英语(阅读)-试卷169及答案解析.doc
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1、考研英语(阅读)-试卷 169 及答案解析(总分:60.00,做题时间:90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数:6,分数:60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension(分数:10.00)_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.(分数:10.00)_There is a common misconception that the single mos
2、t important factor in science and development is the need for adequate funding for relevant research. This type of thinkingsometimes described as the “science push“ model of developmenttends to focus on the proportion of a country“s gross national product spent on research and development. But spend
3、ing on research is part of a broader picture . An arguably larger role is played by government policies affecting the practical application of scientific knowledge. This usually involves embedding such knowledge in technological products and processes, what is widely described as “technology transfe
4、r“. Technology transfer has in the past often been demonised in many development policy circles as a process by which multinational corporations become rich at the expense of poor countriesselling them products they cannot afford and keeping them politically subservient by refusing to license techni
5、cal know-how. But as developing countries have become increasingly integrated into a single global economy, such thinking has changed. For regions like East Asia or Latin America, effective technology transfer, tapping into the scientific and technical knowledge of not only researchers in the North,
6、 but increasingly their own, is now recognised as essential to economic growth and social prosperity. One important theme to emerge is that technology transfer has become a complex business, with many different actors. But, just as important, is the fact that society“ s poorest sectors are often for
7、gotten in technology transfer debates. Debates raised by the poverty gap between rich and poor countries are being replaced by concerns about the gap within developing countries themselves. This should come as little surprise. In practice, the private sector tends to provide the most widely used cha
8、nnels for technology transfer. This is largely because the most effective mechanism for promoting rapid technology innovation is the market, with incentives for entrepreneurs and rewards, through patents, for inventors. But governments still share substantial responsibility for making technology tra
9、nsfer work effectively and in the national interest. They must, for example, invest in the capital and intellectual infrastructure needed for smooth technology transfer. This includes investing in university-based research and training, to ensure that a country has the knowledge and skills it needs
10、to not only acquire but also use new technologies. Governments also need to regulate all transferred technologiesthese should not just be useful, but socially acceptable as well. Governments must develop public institutions that can make such a judgement, either by adopting international criteria(on
11、 safety levels, for example)or by developing criteria of their own.(分数:10.00)(1).The phrase “a broader picture“(Line 1, Paragraph 2)refers to_.(分数:2.00)A.GNP spent on research and developmentB.the “science push“ model of developmentC.the vital role played by government policiesD.the practical applic
12、ation of scientific knowledge(2).It is believed right now that technology transfer_.(分数:2.00)A.helps poor countries develop fasterB.benefits multinational corporationsC.harms poor countries in many waysD.affects many development policy circles(3).The word “demonise“(Line 1, Paragraph 3)most probably
13、 means_.(分数:2.00)A.regardB.blackenC.interpretD.recognize(4).In the author“s opinion, the policies on technology transfer must_.(分数:2.00)A.serve as an effective mechanism for social developmentB.bridge the distinct gap between rich and poor countriesC.meet the needs of the poorest in developing count
14、riesD.be as effective as possible and in the national interest(5).The author suggests that in order to make effective technology transfer, governments should_.(分数:2.00)A.invest more in the intellectual infrastructureB.go to great lengths to offer extensive supportC.regulate all technologies availabl
15、e for transferD.adopt higher criteria to develop public institutions“What can Iran teach us about good governance?“ is not a question often posed in Washington. But according to Benjamin Hippen, a transplant nephrologist in North Carolina, the Iranians have managed to do something American policy ma
16、kers have long thought impossible: They“ ve found kidneys for every single citizen in need. As Hippen explains in a March report for the Cato Institute, the Iranian government has been paying kidney donors since 1988. To avoid potential conflicts of interest, donors and recipients work through an in
17、dependent organization known as the Dialysis and Transplant Patient Association. Donors approach the association on their own; they cannot be recruited by physicians or referred by brokers with financial incentives. They receive $ 1,200 and limited health coverage from the government, in addition to
18、 direct remuneration from the recipientor, if the recipient is impoverished, from one of several charitable organizations. The combination of charitable and governmental payments ensures that poor recipients are treated as well as wealthy ones. Critics of organ markets often claim that where payment
19、s are permitted, altruistic donation will drop off. Hippen found this is not the case in Iran. The country“s deceased donor program, started in 2000, has grown steadily alongside paid donation.(Posthumous donations are not remunerated.)During the last eight years, deceased donations have increased t
20、enfold. Data on the long-term health of Iranian, kidney donors is mixed and inconclusive, so Hippen recommends that any U. S. system closely track donors and provide them with lifelong health care. Since many potential kidney recipients are currently surviving on vastly more expensive dialysis treat
21、ment(paid for by Medicare), providing donors with long-term health care is probably more cost-effective than the status quo. American critics continue to lament that Iran failed to adopt the U. S. policy of banning payment for organs in the mid-1980s. “Carrying this reasoning to its conclusion,“ wri
22、tes Hippen, “would entail admitting that in so doing, Iran would have also incurred our current shortage of organs, our waiting list mortality, and our consequent moral complicity in generating a state of affairs that sustains an international market in illegal organ trafficking. “ No other country
23、has managed to eliminate its kidney waiting list; the U. S. has a list 73,000 patients long. Who should be advising whom?(分数:10.00)(1).Benjamin Hippen thinks that the Iranian government_.(分数:2.00)A.outshines Americans in public policy makingB.has done something impossible for its citizensC.sets an e
24、xample in managing kidney transplantD.teaches Americans how to improve management(2).In Iran, kidney donors_.(分数:2.00)A.are usually recruited by transplant physiciansB.receive charitable and governmental paymentsC.avoid accepting direct payments from recipientsD.join the Dialysis and Transplant Pati
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