【考研类试卷】考研英语（阅读）-试卷122及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 122 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being s

2、o obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls“ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls“ identity to appearance. Then it presents that c

3、onnection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls“ lives and interests. Girls“ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Pa

4、oletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century, in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What“s more, both

5、boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, sy

6、mbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children“ s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few crit

7、ical years. I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children“s behavior

8、: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s. Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone“ between in

9、fant wear and older kids“ clothes. It was only after “toddler“ became a common shoppers“ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a mark

10、et is to magnify gender differencesor invent them where they did not previously exist.（分数：10.00）(1).By saying “it is . the rainbow“ (Para. 1), the author means pink（分数：2.00）A.should not be the sole representation of girlhood.B.should not be associated with girls“ innocence.C.cannot explain girls“ la

11、ck of imagination.D.cannot influence girls“ lives and interests.(2).According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?（分数：2.00）A.Colours are encoded in girls“ DNA.B.Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.C.Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.D.White is

12、 preferred by babies.(3).The author suggests that our perception of children“ s psychological development was much influenced by（分数：2.00）A.the marketing of products for children.B.the observation of children“s nature.C.researches into children“s behaviour.D.studies of childhood consumption.(4).We ma

13、y learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to（分数：2.00）A.focus on infant wear and older kids“ clothes.B.attach equal importance to different genders.C.classify consumers into smaller groups.D.create some common shoppers“ terms.(5).It can be concluded that girls“ attraction to pink s

14、eems to be（分数：2.00）A.clearly explained by their inborn tendency.B.fully understood by clothing manufacturers.C.mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen.D.well interpreted by psychological experts.Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be complete

15、ly family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe“ s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on European corporate boards. The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate board

16、s to maintain a certain proportion of womenup to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membersh

17、ip. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up. Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family? “Personally, I don“t like quotas,“ Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.“ Quotas get ac

18、tion: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,“ according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions. I understand Reding“s reluctanceand her frustration. I don“t like quotas either

19、; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered. After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well a

20、s the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top positionsno matter how much “soft pressure“ is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate poweras, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebookthey attract massive attention precisely becau

21、se they remain the exception to the rule. If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all womenwhether CEOs or their children“s caregiversand all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.（分数：10.00）(1).In the European co

22、rporate workplace, generally（分数：2.00）A.women take the lead.B.men have the final say.C.corporate governance is overwhelmed.D.senior management is family-friendly.(2).The European Union“ s intended legislation is（分数：2.00）A.a reflection of gender balance.B.a reluctant choice.C.a response to Reding“ s c

23、all.D.a voluntary action.(3).According to Reding, quotas may help women（分数：2.00）A.get top business positions.B.see through the glass ceiling.C.balance work and family.D.anticipate legal results.(4).The author“ s attitude toward Reding“ s appeal is one of（分数：2.00）A.skepticism.B.objectiveness.C.indiff

24、erence.D.approval.(5).Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of（分数：2.00）A.more social justice.B.massive media attention.C.suitable public policies.D.greater “soft pressure“.In 2010, a federal judge shook America“s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for is

25、olated DNA for decadesby 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organization(BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step“ in a longer batt

26、le. On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Muriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman“ s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Mytiad, a company in Utah, said the ruling

27、was a blessing to firms and patients alike. But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be pate

28、nted; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents“ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad“s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brie

29、f in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature . than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.“ Despite the appeals court“s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome

30、 violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court. As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA moleculesmost are already patented or in the public domain. Fi

31、rms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug“s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots,“ explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO. Their success may be determined by a suit rel

32、ated to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyer on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed .（分数：10.00）(1).It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the bio

33、tech companies would like（分数：2.00）A.their executives to be active.B.judges to rule out gene patenting.C.genes to be patentable.D.the BIO to issue a warning.(2).Those who are against gene patents believe that（分数：2.00）A.genetic tests are not reliable.B.only man-made products are patentable.C.patents o

34、n genes depend much on innovation.D.courts should restrict access to genetic tests.(3).According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for（分数：2.00）A.establishing disease correlations.B.discovering gene interactions.C.drawing pictures of genes.D.identifying human DNA.(4).By saying “Each m

35、eeting was packed“ (Para. 6), the author means that（分数：2.00）A.the supreme court was authoritative.B.the BIO was a powerful organization.C.gene patenting was a great concern.D.lawyers were keen to attend conventions.(5).Generally speaking, the author“s attitude toward gene patenting is（分数：2.00）A.crit

36、ical.B.supportive.C.scornful.D.objective.Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selecte

37、d randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the communi

38、ty and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them. But as recently as in 1986, jury sel

39、ection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selec

40、tion as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws. The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women

41、 first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was ju

42、stified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s. In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational

43、requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The T

44、aylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.（分数：10.00）(1).From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that（分数：2.00）A.both literate and illiterate people can serve o

45、n juries.B.defendants are immune from trial by their peers.C.no age limit should be imposed for jury service.D.judgment should consider the opinion of the public.(2).The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed（分数：2.00）A.the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws.B.the preval

46、ent discrimination against certain races.C.the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures.D.the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges.(3).Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because（分数：2.00）A.they were automatically banned by state laws.B.they fell far

47、 short of the required qualifications.C.they were supposed to perform domestic duties.D.they tended to evade public engagement.(4).After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed（分数：2.00）A.sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished.B.educational requirement

48、s became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors.C.jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community.D.states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system.(5).In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on（分数：2.00）A.its nature and problem

49、s.B.its characteristics and tradition.C.its problems and their solutions.D.its tradition and development.考研英语（阅读）-试卷 122 答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_解析：2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by