【考研类试卷】考研英语173及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语 173及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Mental models guide our perceptions and help us make predictions. Most of our mental models are built 1 the structure of our nervous systems, and we are usually 2 of them. We 3 the world not according to direct knowledge of reality,

2、but according to mental models, which people often mistake 4 reality. For example, we all share a built-in mental model that the world is continuous, 5 our eyes tell us differently. This built-in mental model tells us what to “see“ in a part of the eye that doesnt 6 see anything. This “blind spot“ m

3、odel causes us to 7 made-up information (a continuation of surrounding patterns ) and 8 that if we look at a previously hidden spot, it will look like its 9 . Not all mental models are built in; some we learn or 10 . For example, most people believe that the automobiles driving down the street will

4、not turn 11 the sidewalk and hit pedestrians. If we believe 12 , we would act like 13 squirrels, always stopping to look around and proceeding 14 no automobiles were operating nearby. We use mental models of our surroundings to perceive what we believe to be 15 and to predict what may happen. These

5、mental models 16 to our surroundings-we have mental models of objects ,of the environment ,and of other people-and to our own capabilities and 17 All of our mental models are, unfortunately, approximations 18 in the lump of nervous tissue we call the brain. Sophisticated 19 the brain is, it is very

6、small and simple compared with the 20 of the outside world. （分数：1.00）(1). Mental models guide our perceptions and help us make predictions. Most of our mental models are built 1 the structure of our nervous systems, and we are usually 2 of them. We 3 the world not according to direct knowledge of re

7、ality, but according to mental models, which people often mistake 4 reality. For example, we all share a built-in mental model that the world is continuous, 5 our eyes tell us differently. This built-in mental model tells us what to “see“ in a part of the eye that doesnt 6 see anything. This “blind

8、spot“ model causes us to 7 made-up information (a continuation of surrounding patterns ) and 8 that if we look at a previously hidden spot, it will look like its 9 . Not all mental models are built in; some we learn or 10 . For example, most people believe that the automobiles driving down the stree

9、t will not turn 11 the sidewalk and hit pedestrians. If we believe 12 , we would act like 13 squirrels, always stopping to look around and proceeding 14 no automobiles were operating nearby. We use mental models of our surroundings to perceive what we believe to be 15 and to predict what may happen.

10、 These mental models 16 to our surroundings-we have mental models of objects ,of the environment ,and of other people-and to our own capabilities and 17 All of our mental models are, unfortunately, approximations 18 in the lump of nervous tissue we call the brain. Sophisticated 19 the brain is, it i

11、s very small and simple compared with the 20 of the outside world. （分数：0.05）A.byB.forC.intoD.onA.independentB.insensitiveC.unawareD.unobservantA.unlessB.whenC.ifD.thoughA.finallyB.ultimatelyC.basicallyD.actuallyA.discloseB.perceiveC.conceiveD.conveyA.advocatesB.verifiesC.predictsD.preachesA.backgrou

12、ndsB.surroundingsC.circumstancesD.environmentsA.make outB.make upC.work outD.work upA.overB.acrossC.intoD.ontoA.steadilyB.firmlyC.otherwiseD.crosswiseA.dazzledB.agitatedC.amusedD.frightenedA.only thatB.only ifC.except thatD.if onlyA.exploreB.interpretC.analyzeD.conquerA.trueB.genuineC.logicalD.virtu

13、alA.applyB.complyC.supplyD.implyA.fantasiesB.efficienciesC.proficienciesD.tendenciesA.containedB.rootedC.involvedD.buriedA.thatB.asC.ifD.soA.necessitiesB.infinitiesC.complexitiesD.perplexitiesA.withB.aboutC.byD.for二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in

14、 a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to 1)show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below, 2)give a specific example, and 3)give your suggestion as to the best way to show love. You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. There has been a discussion recently on

15、the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to 1)show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below, 2)give a specific example, and 3)give your suggestion as to the best way to show love. You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading

16、(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Modern technology and science have produced a wealth of new materials and new ways of using old materials. For the artist this means wider opportunities. There is no doubt that the limitations of materials and nature of tools both restrict and shape a mans work. Observe how the develo

17、pment of plastics and light metals along with new methods of welding has changed the direction of sculpture. Transparent plastic materials allow one to look through an object, to see its various sides superimposed on each other (as in Cubism or in an X-ray). Today, welding is as prevalent as casting

18、 was in the past. This new method encourages open designs, where surrounding and intervening space becomes as important as form itself. More ambiguous than other scientific inventions familiar to modern artists, but no less influential, are the psychoanalytic studies of Freud and his followers, disc

19、overies that have infiltrated recent art, especially Surrealism (超现实主义). The Surrealists, in their struggle to escape the monotony and frustrations of everyday life, claimed that dreams were the only hope. Turning to the irrational world of their unconscious, they banished all time barriers and mora

20、l judgments to combine disconnected dream experiences from the past, present and intervening psychological states. The Surrealists were concerned with overlapping emotions more than with overlapping forms. Their paintings often become segmented capsules of associative experiences. For them, obsessiv

21、e and often unrelated images replaced the direct emotional messages of Expressionism. They did not need to smash paint and canvas; they went beyond this to smash the whole continuity of logical thought. There is little doubt that contemporary art has taken much from contemporary life. In a period wh

22、en science has made revolutionary strides, artists in their studios have not been unaware of scientists in their laboratories. But this has rarely been a one-way street. Painters and sculptors, though admittedly influenced by modern science, have also molded and changed our world. If break-up has be

23、en a vital part of their expression, it has not always been a symbol of destruction. Quite the contrary: it has been used to examine more fully, to penetrate more deeply, to analyze more thoroughly, to enlarge, isolate and make more familiar certain aspects of life that earlier we were apt to neglec

24、t. In addition, it sometimes provides rich multiple experiences so organized as not merely to reflect our world, but in fact to interpret it. （分数：1.00）(1).We learn from the text that artistic creations（分数：0.20）A.can be seen as the reflection of the material world.B.seem to be incapable of escaping m

25、aterial advances.C.are said to have made great strides scientifically.D.appear to be the reproductions of modern technology.(2). The inventions of new materials and welding techniques（分数：0.20）A.are responsible for most of the changes in sculpture arts.B.enable sculptors to superimpose multiple sides

26、 of their designs.C.permit details of an object to be magnified and seen clearly.D.provoke artists to make themselves adaptable to the surroundings.(3).The author concludes that（分数：0.20）A.contemporary art has been nourished by modern science.B.the impacts of modern art and science are actually mutua

27、l.C.destruction or break-up have been typical of modern art.D.the arts analysis of our world seems deeper than sciences.(4). The author argues that Freuds studies（分数：0.20）A.are less comprehensible than most scientific inventions.B.are more controversial than any other scientific findings.C.have impo

28、sed much interference upon contemporary arts.D.have found their expression in the Surrealisms claims.(5).The Surrealists made every endeavor（分数：0.20）A.to transform real existence into incoherent dreams.B.to diminish all time barriers and moral judgments.C.to express their disconnected subconscious t

29、houghts.D.to substitute direct expressions for fragmented images.If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition-wealth, distinction, control over ones destiny-must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambitions behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be w

30、idely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if

31、 not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped-with the educated themselves riding on them. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than for

32、merly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs-the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could ,lest they

33、be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the jou

34、rnalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is,“ Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.“ The attacks on ambition are many and come f

35、rom various angles ;its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This doe

36、s not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such then, is the way th

37、ings stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. （分数：1.00）(1).It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if_.（分数：0.25）A.its returns well compensate for the sacrificesB.it is r

38、ewarded with money, fame and powerC.its goals are spiritual rather than materialD.it is shared by the rich and the famous(2).The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is_.（分数：0.25）A.customary of the educated to discard ambition in wordsB.too late to check ambition once i

39、t has been let outC.dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goalD.impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition(3).Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because _.（分数：0.25）A.they think of it as immoralB.their pursuits are not fame or wealthC.ambition is no

40、t closely related to material benefitsD.they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible(4).From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained _.（分数：0.25）A.secretly and vigorouslyB.openly and enthusiasticallyC.easily and momentarilyD.verbally and spirituallyPers

41、onality is to a large extent inherentA-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A c

42、haracteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs“ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock pro

43、duces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!“ By far the worst form of c

44、ompetition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. O

45、bviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened,

46、 more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A typ

47、e stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually_.（分数：0.25）A.impatientB.considerateC.aggressiveD.agreeable(2).The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because_.（分数：0.25）A.the pressure is too gre

48、at on the studentsB.some students are bound to failC.failure rates are too highD.the results of examinations are doubtful(3). The selection of medical professionals are currently based on_.（分数：0.25）A.candidates sensitivityB.academic achievementsC.competitive spiritD.surer values(4).From the passage

49、we can draw the conclusion that_.（分数：0.25）A.the personality of a child is well established at birthB.family influence dominates the shaping of ones characteristicsC.the development of ones personality is due to multiple factorsD.B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive societyWell, no gain without pain, they say. But what abo