【考研类试卷】考研英语-试卷280及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语-试卷 280及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Digital photography is still new enough that most of us have yet to form an opinion ab

2、out it, much less (1)_ a point of view. But this hasn“t stopped many film and computer fans from agreeing (2)_ the early (3)_ wisdom about digital camerasthey“re neat (4)_ for your PC, but they“re not suit able for everyday picture-taking. The fans are wrong: more than anything else, digital cameras

3、 are radically (5)_ what photography means and what it can be. The venerable medium of photography as we know (6)_ is beginning to seem out of (7)_ with the way we live. In our computer and camcorder culture, saving pictures (8)_ digital files and watching them on TV is no less (9)_ and in many ways

4、 more (10)_ than fumbling with rolls of film that must be sent off to be (11)_. Paper is also terribly (12)_ Pictures that are incorrectly framed, focused, or lighted are nonetheless (13)_ to film and ultimately processed into prints. The digital medium changes the (14)_. Still images that are (15)_

5、 digitally can immediately be shown on a computer monitor, TV screen, or a small liquid-crystal display (LCD) built right into the camera. And since the points of light that (16)_ an image are saved as a series of digital bits in (17)_ memory, (18)_ being permanently etched onto film, they can be er

6、ased, retouched, and transmitted on-line. What“s it like to (19)_ with one of these digital cameras? It“s a little like a first dateexciting, confusing and fraught with (20)_.（分数：40.00）A.refuteB.evaluateC.representD.developA.ofB.toC.withD.onA.conventionalB.profoundC.collectiveD.perfectA.auxiliariesB

7、.componentsC.hardwaresD.apparatusA.prescribingB.adjustingC.redesigningD.redefiningA.itB.thatC.whichD.asA.actionB.stepC.touchD.placeA.likeB.asC.forD.intoA.valuableB.usefulC.economicalD.practicalA.commonB.complexC.appealingD.annoyingA.loadedB.processedC.exposedD.rewoundA.unnecessaryB.uncharitableC.unw

8、orthyD.unforgivingA.faithfulB.loyalC.dedicatedD.committedA.directionsB.rulesC.disciplinesD.doctrinesA.viewedB.capturedC.displayedD.drawnA.compriseB.consistC.constituteD.includeA.electronicB.limitedC.shortD.photographicA.less thanB.much lessC.apart fromD.rather thanA.dischargeB.shootC.manipulateD.wor

9、kA.feasibilitiesB.possibilitiesC.lucksD.chances二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Americans are now flying the crowded, cranky skies. Flight delays

10、 in January were the worst for that month since 1999. Weather is always the primary cause of delays. Add to that the US Airways Christmas baggage meltdown and Comair“s computer failure, the combination of which left hundreds of thousands of fliers stranded at airports. But airline employees see a de

11、eper reason for both the increase in delays and passenger complaints: a demoralized and frustrated workforce that“s being asked to do more even as it“s getting paidless. The airlines and unions are quick to praise their workers for rising to the challenge during these very difficult times, as well a

12、s for carrying the brunt of the cost cutting. But unease is growing within the ranks. And passengers have noticed. For instance, some of the so-called older carriers now require gate agents to clean the planes as well as check people in. So some passengers have found themselves without a customer-se

13、rvice agent to talk to until just before the plane leaves. Pilots find themselves stuck at the gate because their crew of flight attendants has already worked as long as the FAA would allow them to. “They“ve cut employees to such a degree that they don“t have enough employees to do the job and serve

14、 the customers properly,“ says one pilot. The major airlines contend that“s not the case at all. Jeff Green, a spokesman for United Airlines, says the major carriers have shrunk significantly since 9/11. While there are far fewer employees, the airline also has far fewer flights. He also notes that

15、United has had its best on-time performance in the past two years and that fraternal gauges of customer satisfaction are up. “What our employees are going through is not having an effect on our customer service,“ says Mr. Green. Employees on the front line tell a different story. “They“re just closi

16、ng the doors and releasing the brake so they can report an on time departure, when in reality they may still be loading cargo for 30 minutes.“ Aviation experts contend that if that“s the case, the major airlines may find even more challenges ahead. As their fare structures and prices come closer to

17、those of the successful low-cost carriers, customer service will become even more crucial in determining which airlines succeed. “The way you“re treated on the plane speaks a lot as to whether you“ll fly that airline again,“ says Helane Becket, an airline analyst. “It“s not the be-all and end-all. I

18、t“s not going to put an airline out of business. But it“s not going to help it a lot either if they“re already in trouble.“（分数：10.00）(1).Airline delays may result in（分数：2.00）A.Christmas baggage meltdown.B.the sharp reduction of flights.C.airline companies“ bankruptcy.D.the interruption of passenger

19、flow.(2).The employees might think, if airline delay is to be avoided, the key factor is（分数：2.00）A.cost-cutting.B.sophisticated workers.C.high-spirited crew.D.good customer service.(3).The example mentioned in paragraph 3 shows that（分数：2.00）A.largely reducing staff is not wise.B.cost cutting is not

20、necessary.C.customers are not taken seriously.D.flight attendants are overloaded by FAA.(4).In the eyes of Green, United Airlines（分数：2.00）A.is not experiencing a difficult time.B.faces rising customer demands.C.has fewer opponents after 9/11.D.provides good service despite fewer workers.(5).Aviation

21、 experts believe that the customer service of the major airlines（分数：2.00）A.is of little importance.B.is close to that of low cost carriers.C.decides whether they will survive.D.should not be ignored.This election year, the debate over cloning technology has become a circusand hardly anybody has noti

22、ced the gorilla hiding in the tent. Even while President Bush has, endorsed throwing scientists in jail to stop “reckless experiments“, it“s just possible the First Amendment will protect researchers who want to perform cloning research. Dr. Leon Kass, the chairman of the President“s Council on Bioe

23、thics, would like to keep that a secret. “I don“t want to encourage such thinking,“ he said. But the notion that the First Amendment creates a “right to research“ has been around for a long time, and Kass knows it. In 1977, four eminent legal scholarsThomas Emerson, Jerome Barton, Walter Berns and H

24、arold P. Greenwere asked to testify before the House Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Space. At the time, there was alarm in the country over recombinant DNA. Some people feared clones, designer babies, a plague of superbacteria. The committee wanted to know if the federal government should,

25、or could, restrict the science. “Certainly the overwhelming tenor of the testimony was in favor of protecting it,“ Barron, who now teaches at George Washington University, recalls. Berns, a conservative political scientist, was forced to agree. He didn“t like this conclusion, be muse he feared the c

26、onsequences of tinkering with nature, but even after consulting with Kass before his testimony, he told Congress that “the First Amendment protected this kind of research.“ Today, he believes it protects cloning experiments as well. Law-review articles written at the time supported Berns, and so wou

27、ld a report issued by Congress“s Office of Technology Assessment (O. T.A). But the courts never got the chance to face the fight-to-research issue squarely. An oversight body called the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, formed by the National Institutes of Health, essentially allowed science to po

28、lice itself. So the discussion was submerged. Until now. Why legal scholars would defend the right to research is hardly mysterious. The founding fathers passionately defended scientific and academic freedom, and the Supreme Court has traditionally had a high regard for it. But why would the right t

29、o read, write and speak as you please extend to the right to experiment in the lab? Neoconservatives like Kass have emphasized the need to maintain a fixed conception of human nature. But the O.T.A. directly addressed this in a 1981 report. “Even if the rationale, were expanded to include situations

30、 where knowledge threatens fundamental cultural values about the nature of man, control of research for such a reason probably would not be constitutionally permissible.“ The government can restrict speech if it can prove a “compelling interest,“ like public safety or national security. But courts h

31、ave set that bar very high. Unlike, say, an experiment that releases smallpox into the wind to study how it spreads, which could be banned, embryo research presents no readily apparent danger to public health or security. And if that“s the case, scientists who wish to create stem cells by cloning mi

32、ght have a new source of succor: the U.S. Constitution.（分数：10.00）(1).The views of Kass and O.T.A. on cloning research are（分数：2.00）A.identical.B.similar.C.complementary.D.opposite.(2).Which of the following is strongly against cloning research?（分数：2.00）A.The National Institutes of Health.B.The federa

33、l government.C.The supreme court.D.Congress“s office of Technology Assessment.(3).The word “it“(Para. 2) most probably refers to（分数：2.00）A.the First Amendment.B.cloning experiment.C.the US government.D.recombinant DNA.(4).It is broadly accepted that by the First Amendment, cloning experiments should

34、 be（分数：2.00）A.funded by the government.B.restricted by laws.C.protected to some extent.D.discussed thoroughly.(5).The author considers that in the case of cloning experiments, the First Amendment（分数：2.00）A.plays a crucial supporting role.B.derives from scientific development.C.is highly spoken of by

35、 the government.D.ignores the danger of a restless society.Without an oversized calendar tacked to their kitchen wall,-Fern Reiss and her family could never keep track of all the meetings, appointments, home-schooling lessons, and activities that fill their busy days. “I“m not sure they make a calen

36、dar large enough for us,“ says Ms. Reiss of Newton, Mass., explaining that her life revolves around “two companies, three children, a spouse, a lot of community involvement, a social life l the kids“ social life, and volunteering in a soup kitchen every week.“ “Everybody we know is leading a freneti

37、c life,“ she adds. “Ours is frenetic, too, but we“re spending the bulk of our time with our kids. Even though we“re having a crazy life, we“re having it in the right way. Although extreme busyness is hardly a new phenomenon, the subject is getting renewed attention from researchers. “A good life has

38、 to do with life having a direction, life having a narrative with the stories we tell ourselves,“ Chuck Darrah, an anthropologist, says. “Busyness fragments all that. We“re absolutely focused on getting through the next hour, the next day, the next week. It does raise questions: If not busyness, wha

39、t? If we weren“t so busy, what would we be doing? If people weren“t so busy, would they be a poet, a painter?“ For the Reisses, part of living a good life, however busy, means including the couple“s children in volunteer work and community activities. “We want the kids to see that that“s a priority,

40、“ she says. Between working full time as a publicist, caring for her home, spending time with her husband and extended family, and helping her grandmother three times a week, a woman says, “I am exhausted all the time.“ Like others, she concedes that she sets “somewhat unrealistic expectations“ for

41、what she can accomplish in a day. Being realistic is a goal Darrah encourages, saying, “We can do everything, but we can“t do everything well and at the same time.“ He cautions that busyness can result in “poor decisions, sloppy quality, and neglect of the things and people that matter most in the l

42、ong run.“ He advises: “Stop taking on so much, and keep in perspective what“s most important to you.“ Darrah“s own schedule re mains full, but he insists he does not feel busy. His secret? Confining activities to things he must do and those he wants to do. He and his wife do not overschedule their c

43、hildren. To those with one eye on the calendar and the other on the clock, Darrah offers this advice: “Before you take anything on, ask yourself: Do you have to do this? Do you want to do this? Live with a kind of mindfulness so you don“t wake up and discover that your life is a whirl of transportat

44、ion and communication, and you“ve hollowed yourself out.“（分数：10.00）(1).The author would describe the Reisses“ life as（分数：2.00）A.crazy and meaningless.B.tedious but orderly.C.hasty and messy.D.busy but sensible.(2).What does the author mean by saying “If people weren“t so busy, would they be a poet,

45、a painter“?（分数：2.00）A.It will take pains to become an artist as poet or painter.B.Life will become tedious if people are not so busy.C.Poets and painters are usually considered to be idle.D.People may fulfill their personal dreams if not so busy.(3).The example of the publicist is used to show most

46、people“s（分数：2.00）A.enthusiasm for diligence.B.chaos in their schedule.C.desire to achieve too much.D.hardships in daily life.(4).As for their children, parents are supposed by Darrah to（分数：2.00）A.involve them in volunteer work as much as they can.B.teach them how to arrange their schedule.C.give the

47、m sufficient spare time.D.make full arrangement for their after-school time.(5).In Darrah“s opinion, people should（分数：2.00）A.abandon things of little importance.B.take on things they believe they can do.C.get rid of their selfish greed.D.avoid some exhausting tasks.What is less well understood by th

48、e general public is that there have been a number of trends which have further contributed to the diminishment of excavation as an activity. As Bahn puts it “there have been two major trends over time: first, excavation has become far slower and more painstakingThe work is incredibly meticulous. Secondly, we can learn far more from what we have.“ The conclusions to be drawn from this would appear to be contradictory. As technology improves we are able to undertake a wide variety of analysis from microscopic, radio carbon dating or even DNA s