【考研类试卷】考研英语-745及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语-745 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)With Airbus giant A380 airliner about to take to the skies, you might think planes could not get much bigger-and you would be right. For a given design, it turns (1) , there comes a point where the wings become too heavy to gene

2、rate (2) lift to carry their own weight. (3) a new way of designing and making materials could (4) that problem. Two engineers (5) University College London have devised all innovative way to customise and control the (6) of a material throughout its three-dimensional structure.In the (7) of a wing,

3、 this would make possible a material that is dense, strong and load-bearing at one end, close to the fuselage, (8) the extremities could be made less dense, lighter and more (9) . It is like making bespoke materials, (10) you can customise the physical properties of every cubic millimetre of a struc

4、ture.The new technique combines existing technologies in a(n) (11) way, It starts by using finite-element-analysis software, of the type commonly used by engineers, (12) a virtual prototype of the object. The software models the stresses and strains that the object will need to (13) throughout its s

5、tructure. Using this information it is then (14) to calculate the precise forces acting on millions of smaller subsections of the structure. (15) of these subsections is (16) treated as a separate object with its own set of forces acting on it-and each subsection (17) for a different microstructure

6、to absorb those local forces.Designing so many microstructures manually (18) be a huge task, so the researchers apply an optimisation program, called a genetic algorithm, (19) . This uses a process of randomisation and trial-and-error to search the vast number of possible microstructures to find the

7、 most (20) design for each subsection.（分数：10.00）A.offB.outC.awayD.inA.manyB.muchC.enoughD.necessaryA.ButB.AndC.OrD.YetA.findB.discoverC.get overD.get aroundA.ofB.atC.inD.fromA.propertiesB.natureC.qualitiesD.characteristicsA.sampleB.caseC.conditionD.situationA.whileB.whichC.whatD.whereA.easyB.flexibl

8、eC.reflectiveD.compatibleA.asB.sinceC.becauseD.so long asA.novelB.strangeC.oddD.peculiarA.createsB.and createsC.creatingD.to createA.standB.sustainC.understandD.withstandA.possibleB.impossibleC.likelyD.unlikelyA.EachB.OneC.EveryD.AllA.nextB.thenC.afterD.sinceA.asksB.callsC.demandsD.requiresA.is toB.

9、shouldC.wouldD.has toA.in orderB.in placeC.in spiteD.insteadA.perfectB.completeC.suitableD.proper二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The idea of humanoid robots is not new, of course. They have been part of the imaginative landscape ever since Karl Capek

10、, a Czech writer, first dreamed them up for his 1921 play “Rossums Universal Robots“ . (The word “robot“ comes from the Czech word for drudgery, robota.) Since then, Hollywood has produced countless variations on the theme, from the sultry False Maria in Fritz Langs silent masterpiece “Metropolis“ t

11、o the wittering C-3PO in “Star Wars“ and the ruthless assassin of “Terminator“ . Humanoid robots have walked into our collective subconscious, colouring our views of the future.But now Japans industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots a reality. Their new humanoids represent

12、impressive feats of engineering: when Honda introduced Asimo, a four-foot robot that had been in development for some 15 years, it walked so fluidly that its white, articulated exterior seemed to conceal a human. Honda continues to make the machine faster, friendlier and more agile. Last October, wh

13、en Asimo was inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh, it walked on to the stage and accepted its own plaque.At two and a half feet tall, Sonys QRIO is smaller and more toy-like than Asimo. It walks, understands a small number of voice commands, and can navigate on its own. If it falls ove

14、r, it gets up and resumes where it left off. It can even connect wirelessly to the Internet and broadcast what its camera eyes can see. In 2003, Sony demonstrated an upgraded QRIO that could run. Honda responded last December with a version of Asimo that runs at twice the speed.In 2004, Toyota joine

15、d the fray with its own family of robots, called Partner, one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet. Its fingers work the instruments valves, and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips. Toyota hopes to offer a commercial version of the robot by 2010. This month, 50 Partner rob

16、ots will act as guides at Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan.Despite their sudden proliferation, however, humanoids are still a mechanical minority. Most of the worlds robots are faceless, footless and mute. They are bolted to the floors of factories, stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal, machin

17、es making more machines. According to the United Nations, business orders for industrial robots jumped 18% in the first half of 2004. They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots, such as self-navigating vacuum cleaners, lawn mowers and window washers, which are selling fast. But neither industri

18、al nor domestic robots are humanoid.（分数：10.00）(1).In Paragraph I the author introduces his topic by relating_.（分数：2.00）A.the idea of humanoid robotsB.Karl Capeks creation of robotsC.Hollywoods production of robot filmsD.the origin of and popular films about robots(2).According to the authors descrip

19、tion, Asimo_.（分数：2.00）A.is in the shape of a human beingB.is in a sort of animal formC.seems more like a human being than a machine in actionD.seems more like a machine than a human being in action(3).Sonys QRIO could carry out all the following work EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.walking everywhere freelyB.und

20、erstanding some words uttered by peopleC.finding its wayD.continuing walking after it stumbles(4).From the passage we may infer that the Toyotas Partner_.（分数：2.00）A.is much better than. any other robotsB.is no more than a mechanic deviceC.may be put into mass productionD.may speak like a man(5).Judg

21、ing from the context, this passage is probably written_.（分数：2.00）A.in 2004B.in 2005C.between 2003 -2004D.between 2004 -2005五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)If you are what you eat, then you are also what you buy to eat. And mostly what people buy is scrawled onto a grocery list, those ethereal scraps of pape

22、r that record the shorthand of where we shop and how we feed ourselves. Most grocery lists end up in the garbage. But if you live in St. Louis, they might have a half-life you never imagined: as a cultural document, posted on the Internet.For the past decade, Bill Keaggy, 33, the features photo edit

23、or at The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, has been collecting grocery lists and since 1999 has been posting them online at www. grocerylists, org. The collection, which now numbers more than 500 lists, is strangely addictive. The lists elicit twofold curiosity-about the kind of meal the person was planning

24、 and the kind of person who would make such a meal. What was the shopper with vodka, lighters, milk and ice cream on his list planning to do with them? In what order would they be consumed? Was it a he or a she? Who had written “Tootie food, kitten chow, bird food stick, toaster scrambles, coffee dr

25、inks“? Some shoppers organize their lists by aisle; others start with dairy, go to cleaning supplies and then back to dairy before veering off to Home Depot. A few meticulous ones note the price of every item. One shopper had written in large letters on an envelope, simply, “Milk.“The thin lines of

26、ink and pencil jutting and looping across crinkled and torn pieces of paper have a purely graphic beauty. One of lifes most banal duties, viewed through the curatorial lens, can somehow seem pregnant with possibility. It can even appear poetic, as in the list that reads “meat, cigs, buns, treats.“On

27、e thing Keaggy discovered is that Dan Quayle is not alone-few people can spell bananas and bagels, let alone potato. One list calls for “suchi“ and “strimp.“ “Some people pass judgment on the things they buy,“ Keaggy says. At the end of one list, the shopper wrote “Bud Light“ and then “good beer.“ A

28、nother scribbled “good loaf of white bread.“ Some pass judgment on themselves, like the shopper who wrote “read, stay home or go somewhere, I act like my mom, go to Kentucky, underwear, lemon.“ People send messages to one another, too. Buried in one list is this statement: “If you buy more rice, Ill

29、 punch you.“ And plenty of shoppers, like the one with both ice cream and diet pills on the list, reveal their vices.（分数：10.00）(1).What would people usually do with their grocery list after shopping?（分数：2.00）A.Buying what it is scrawled on the paper.B.Recording the shorthand of where we shop.C.Throw

30、ing it into the dustbin.D.Posting it on the Internet.(2).Bill Keaggy collects grocery lists because_.（分数：2.00）A.he wants to post them onlineB.he is curious about the list writersC.he tries to find out something behind themD.he does it for amusement(3).“Was it a he or a she?“ ( Line 7, Par（分数：2.00）A.

31、2) may be replaced by_.A. Who did it?B. Who was the person that wrote it?C. Did he or she write ii?D. Was it written by a man or a woman?(4).Bill Keaggys studying on grocery lists suggests that_.（分数：2.00）A.Dan Quayle is not alone in misspellingB.fewer people can spell bananas and bagels correctlyC.m

32、isspelling occurs most frequently in writing “potato“D.some people misspell “sushi“ for “suchi“, and “shrimp“ for “strimp“(5).The last sentence of the passage implies that_.（分数：2.00）A.ice cream and diet pills reveal ones vicesB.ice cream and diet pills are not good foodC.plenty of shoppers do not bu

33、y their right groceryD.ones defects in character may be reflected on the grocery list六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Well, he made it up. All of it, apparently. According to a report published on December 29th by Seoul National University in South Korea, its erstwhile employee Hwang Woo-suk, who had tendere

34、d his resignation six days earlier, deliberately falsified his data in the paper on human embryonic stem cells that he and 24 colleagues published in Science in May 2005.In particular, Dr Hwang claimed he had created 11 colonies of human embryonic stem cells genetically matched to specific patients.

35、 He had already admitted that nine of these were bogus, but had said that this was the result of an honest mistake, and that the other two were still the real McCoy. A panel of experts appointed by the university to investigate the matter, however, disagreed. They found that DNA fingerprint traces c

36、onducted on the stem-cell lines reported in the paper had been manipulated to make it seem as if all 11 lines were tailored to specific patients. In fact, none of them matched the volunteers with spinal-cord injuries and diabetes who had donated skin cells for the work. To obtain his promising “resu

37、lts“, Dr Hwang had sent for testing two samples from each donor, rather than a sample from the donor and a sample of the cells into which the donors DNA had supposedly been transplanted.The panel also found that a second claim in the paper-that only 185 eggs were used to create the 11 stem-cell line

38、s-was false. The investigators said the actual number of eggs used was far larger, in the thousands, although they were unable to determine an exact figure.The reason this double fraud is such a blow is that human embryonic stem-cell research has great expectations. Stem cells, which have not yet be

39、en programmed to specialise and can thus, in principle, grow into any tissue or organ, could be used to treat illnesses ranging from diabetes to Parkinsons disease. They might even be able to fix spinal-cord injuries. And stem cells cloned from a patient would not be rejected as foreign by his immun

40、e system,Dr Hwangs reputation, of course, is in tatters. The university is now investigating two other groundbreaking experiments he claims to have conducted-the creation of the worlds first cloned human embryo and the extraction of stem cells from it, and the creation of the worlds first cloned dog

41、. He is also in trouble for breaching ethical guidelines by using eggs donated by members of his research team.And it is even possible that the whole farce may have been for nothing. Cloned embryos might be the ideal source of stem cells intended to treat disease, but if it proves too difficult to c

42、reate them, a rough-and-ready alternative may suffice.（分数：10.00）(1).From the passage we may learn that Hwang Woo-suk_.（分数：2.00）A.made up all his experienceB.is a famous geneticist in Seoul National UniversityC.was an employee in Seoul National UniversityD.published an authentic paper in Science with

43、 his 24 colleagues(2).According to the panel of experts appointed by the university, Hwangs case is_.（分数：2.00）A.a mistake of carelessB.the result of an honest mistakeC.a dishonest experimentD.a deliberated fabrication(3).The significance of embryonic stem-cell research lies in_.（分数：2.00）A.great expe

44、ctationsB.planting into any tissue or organC.the treatment for a lot of human diseasesD.curing diabetes and Parkinsons disease(4).The phrase “in tatters“ ( Line 1, Par（分数：2.00）A.5 ) may be replaced by_.A. in dangerB. in despairC. in a ragged stateD. totally ruined(5).The best title for the passage m

45、ay be_.（分数：2.00）A.Hwang is Found Guilty of Fabricating His ResultsB.How a Stem-cell Researcher Fabricates His ResultsC.The Consequence of a Made-up ExperimentD.Hwang Woo-suks Resignation七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)According to studies cited by the National Eating Disorders Association, 42 percent of gir

46、ls in first through third grade want to be thinner, 81 percent of 10-year-olds are afraid of being fat, and 51 percent of 9-and 10-year-old girls feel better about themselves if they are on a diet.In many ,ways, this fixation on weight at ever earlier ages comes at an inopportune time physiologicall

47、y. At a recent Hadassah meeting at the Woodlands Community Temple in White Plains, Dr. Maxcie Schneider, the director of adolescent medicine at Greenwich Hospital, and Erica Leon, a registered dietitian, spoke about early adolescence as a time when a little bit of pudginess is necessary for proper g

48、rowth, and youngsters wrestle constantly with their body image.“I cant tell you how many kids Ive seen whove been on the Atkins diet, or on the South Beach diet,“ Ms. Leon said, adding that overweight children who try diets can be at risk of developing eating disorders.After the presentation, three

49、mothers from Hartsdale who wanted to help their children avoid such issues spoke about how their young daughters are already beginning to become weight-conscious.Anorexia is a mental illness in which the victim eats barely enough to survive, because her distorted thinking makes her think she is fat. Bulimia, a mental illness in which someone binges on large amounts of food, then purges it through vomiting or the abuse of laxatives, is on the rise, and is surfacing in younger and younger patien