【考研类试卷】考研英语-311及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语-311 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank. Our ape-men forefathers had no obvious natural weapons in the struggle forU (1) /Uin the open. They had neither the powerful teeth nor the strong

2、claws of the big cats. They could not U(2) /Uwith the bear, whose strength, speed and clawsU (3) /Uan impressive “ small fire“ weaponry. They could not even defend themselvesU (4) /Urunning swiftly like the horses, zebras or small animals. If the ape-men had attempted to compete on those terms in th

3、e open, they would have beenU (5) /Uto failure and extinction. But they wereU (6) /Uwith enormous concealed advantages of a kind not possessed by any of their competitors. In the searchU (7) /Uthe pickings of the forest, the ape-men hadU (8) /Uefficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of color that

4、the animals of the grasslands did notU (9) /U. The ability to see clearly at close range permitted the ape-men to study practical problems in a way that lay farU (10) /Uthe reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland. Good long-distance sight wasU (11) /Uanother matter. Lack of long-distance

5、vision had not been a problem for forest-dwelling apes and monkeys because theU (12) /Uthe viewpoint, the greater the range of sight-soU (13) /Uthey had had to do was climb a tree. Out in the open, however, this simple solution was notU (14) /U. Climbing a hill would have helped, but in many places

6、the ground was flat. The ape-menU (15) /Uthe only possible solution. They reared up as high as possible on their hind limbs and began to walkU (16) /U. This vital change of physical position brought about considerable disadvantages. It was extremely unstable and it meant that the already slow ape-me

7、n becameU (17) /Ustill. U(18) /U, they persevered and their bone structure gradually becameU (19) /Uto the new, unstable position thatU (20) /Uthem the name Homo erectus, upright man. （分数：10.00）A.survivalB.huntingC.securityD.inhabitanceA.matchB.compareC.rivalD.equalA.becameB.equippedC.posedD.provide

8、dA.inB.uponC.byD.withA.drivenB.doomedC.forcedD.ledA.bestowedB.givenC.presentedD.endowedA.forB.ofC.onD.atA.progressedB.generatedC.developedD.advancedA.learnB.dream ofC.possessD.acquireA.fromB.apartC.beyondD.aboveA.ratherB.quiteC.muchD.reallyA.lowerB.furtherC.clearerD.higherA.anythingB.thatC.everythin

9、gD.allA.availableB.enoughC.sufficientD.convenientA.choseB.adoptedC.acceptedD.tookA.fastB.stablyC.happilyD.uprightA.fasterB.slowerC.more stableD.saferA.HoweverB.ThereforeC.MeanwhileD.SubsequentlyA.accustomedB.familiarizedC.adaptedD.suitedA.obtainedB.calledC.deservedD.earned二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：4

10、0.00)BPart A/BDirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D BText 1/BShe was French; he was English; they had just moved to London from Paris. When he found out about her affair, she begged for a reconciliation. He was more ruthless: the sam

11、e afternoon, he filed for divorce in France, one of the stingiest jurisdictions in Europe for the non-earning spouse and where adultery affects the courts ruling. Had she filed first in England her conduct would have been irrelevant, and she would have had a good chance of a large share of the marit

12、al assets, and even maintenance for life. International divorce is full of such dramas and anomalies, so the natural response of policymakers is to try to make things simpler and more predictable. But the biggest attempt in recent years to do just that, in a European agreement called Rome , has just

13、 been shelved. Instead, several EU countries are now pressing ahead with their own harmonisation deal. Many wonder if it will work any better. At issue is the vexed question of which countrys law applies to the break-up of a mixed marriage. The spouses may live long-term in a third country and be te

14、mporarily working in a fourth. The worst way to sort that out is with expensive legal battles in multiple jurisdictions. The main principle at present is that the first court to be approached hears the case. Introduced in 2001, this practice has worked well in preventing international legal battles,

15、 but has made couples much more trigger-happy, because the spouse who hesitates in order to save a troubled marriage may lose a huge amount of money. Rome III aimed to remove the incentive to go to court quickly. Instead, courts in any EU country would automatically apply the local law that had chie

16、fly governed the marriage. This approach is already in force in countries such as the Netherlands. A couple that moved there and sought divorce having spent most of the marriage in France, say, would find a Dutch court dividing assets and handling child custody according to French law. That works fi

17、ne among continental European countries where legal systems, based on Roman law, leave little role for precedent or the judges discretion. You can look up the rules on a website and apply them. But it is anathema in places such as England, where the system favours a thorough (and often expensive) in

18、vestigation of the details of each case, and then lets judges decide according to previous cases and English law. Another snag is that what may suit middle-class expatriates in Brussels (who just happened to be the people drafting Rome ) may not suit, for example, a mixed marriage that has mainly be

19、en based in a country, perhaps not even an EU member, with“ a sharply different divorce law. Swedish politicians dont like the idea that their courts would be asked to enforce marriage laws based on, say, Islamic sharia. The threat of vetoes from Sweden and like-minded countries has blocked Rome . B

20、ut a group of nine countries, led by Spain and France, is going ahead. They are resorting to a provision in EU rules-never before invoked-called “ enhanced co-operation“ This sets a precedent for a “multi-speed“ Europe in which like-minded countries are allowed to move towards greater integration, r

21、ather than seeking a “big-bang“ binding treaty that scoops up the willing and unwilling alike. Some countries worry that using enhanced co-operation will create unmanageable layers of complexity, with EU law replaced by multiple adhoc agreements. The real lesson may be that Rome III was just too amb

22、itious. A more modest but useful goal would be simply to clarify the factors that determine which court hears a divorce, and then let that court apply its own law. David Hodson, a British expert, proposes an international deal that would start by giving greatest weight to any prenuptial agreement, f

23、ollowed by long-term residency, and then take into account other factors such as nationality. That would then make it easier to end marriages amicably, with mediation and out-of-court agreement, rather than a race to start the beastly business of litigation. （分数：10.00）(1).What does the author try to

24、 express by setting out the example in the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Divorce filed in England will be advantageous.B.France stipulates rigid laws towards divorce.C.In Europe international divorce cases always encounter the problem that which countrys law is applicable.D.International marriages shal

25、l be discouraged due to the complexity in divorce affairs.(2).Which of the following may possibly be the reason for why several EU countries are now pressing ahead with their own harmonisation deal?（分数：2.00）A.Vetoes from some countries blocked Rome III from being put into effect.B.Citizens in those

26、countries require the government to do so.C.Rome was just too ambitious to encompass all the issues that may occur in Europe, thus lacking of feasibility in specific cases.D.Differences between civil law system and common law system force this.(3).What does “trigger-happy“ in the fourth paragraph mo

27、st probably mean7（分数：2.00）A.Couples are more inclined to divorce, being detrimental to the matrimonial stability of Europe.B.Couples are more inclined to quarrel during the divorce, postponing the settlement of the case.C.Couples that fail to divorce would be ashamed into anger, thus pursing extreme

28、 ways.D.Couples that want to divorce are more inclined to file their case to the courts in the country where they live.(4).What is the ultimate problem with Rome according to the author?（分数：2.00）A.It is not passed in all the member countries in EU.B.Important amendments fail to be applied to make it

29、 more applicable.C.Its rules are not applicable in all the member countries.D.It is too ambitious to encompass all the issues that may occur in Europe, thus lacking of feasibility in specific cases.(5).According to the text, what might possibly be a reasonable course in determining which court hears

30、 a divorce.9（分数：2.00）A.Prenuptial agreement-long-term residency-nationalityB.Long-term residency-birth place-nationality of the party who filed divorceC.Prenuptial agreement-nationality-birth placeD.Court first hears the case-prenuptial agreement-long-term residencyBText 2/BWhen two of the worlds ri

31、chest and mightiest men pledge to destroy an enemy, it is time to pay attention. Bill Gates, the former boss of Microsoft who now devotes all his time to his charitable foundation, travelled this week to New York, the city run by Michael Bloomberg, to join his fellow billionaires campaign to stamp o

32、ut smoking. Have the two potentates met their match? Despite decades of work by health campaigners, more than one billion people still smoke today. Smoking kills up to half of those who fail to quit puffing, reducing their lives by an average of 10 to 15 years. The World Health Organisation (WHO) sa

33、ys more than 5 million people a year die early from the effects (direct or indirect) of tobacco. That exceeds the combined toll of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Despite that dismal situation, there are three reasons to give the latest pair of campaigners a slim chance of success: money, method

34、s and motivation. Messrs Gates and Bloomberg vowed to spend a combined total of $ 500 million on discouraging the weed. Since Mr. Bloombergs charity had already announced an award of $125 million earlier, the new money pledged this week totalled a “mere“ $ 375 million: $ 250 million from the mayor,

35、and a fresh $ 125 million from the software magnates philanthropic outfit. How will this cash be spent? In quite innovative ways, and that is a second reason for optimism. Hitherto, most anti-smoking funds have been channelled through a few large bureaucracies. But Mr. Bloombergs charity wants to le

36、t a thousand flowers bloom: in other words, to lend a hand to many initiatives, both public and private, to see what works. There will be a competitive grant scheme for poor countries where the tobacco habit is spreading. The very fact that two giants are teaming up is a landmark in American philant

37、hropy- comparable to Warren Buffetts decision, two years ago, to put his fortune at the disposal of Mr. Gates foundation. As part of their joint commitment, Mr. Gates is giving some of his $ 125 million directly to Mr. Bloombergs charity; the rest will go to carefully monitored projects in India, Ch

38、ina and other places where the number of smokers is rising relentlessly. Then there is motivation. There are other big players in this cause, and that should induce every new entrant to try bringing something fresh to the party. Earlier this year the WHO started a campaign against tobacco known as M

39、Power. One of its selling points was that in contrast with many other projects, it had a fairly clear idea about what was needed. WHO experts have listed a series of tactics, ranging from aggressive public education to a rise in tobacco taxes, that deliver results. (Even if high taxes lead to some s

40、muggling and diversion, studies done in Brazil, for example, show that fiscal measures do curb consumption. ) The World Bank, which funded that research, is also thought to be ready to join the anti-smoking scrum after years of paying little attention. A crowded field, indeed. But having an extra $

41、500 million from two hard-driven billionaires surely wont hurt. （分数：10.00）(1).What does “stamp out“ in the first paragraph probably mean?（分数：2.00）A.Crush severely.B.Mark significantly.C.Destroy completely.D.Wipe heavily.(2).As to the money of this campaign, which of the following statements is TRUE?

42、（分数：2.00）A.Messrs Gates and Bloomberg will assume all the money needed for this campaign.B.Money from Mr. Bloomberg will partly be included in the budget of New York City.C.Messrs Gates offered more money than Bloomberg did this week.D.There will be a combined total of $ 875 million for this campaig

43、n.(3).According to the text, how will the money be spent?（分数：2.00）A.On government-lead projects only.B.On either public or private projects, as long as it works.C.Mainly on promoting anti-smoking campaign in developing countries.D.On supporting the law suits against tobacco companies.(4).What is the

44、 unique significance of the MPower campaign?（分数：2.00）A.It is backed by many powerful organizations and companies.B.It has a clear idea of what measures should be taken.C.It has top specialists of WHO being the counselors.D.It adopts fiscal, administrative and medical measures.(5).What can we infer f

45、rom the last paragraph about the authors attitude towards this campaign?（分数：2.00）A.Neutral.B.Negative.C.Affirmative.D.Not sure.BText 3/BIn 2007 a French food company wanted to buy a family-owned firm in India. The patriarch was 72, and the French firm wanted to send someone of similar experience to

46、talk to him. But because of its youthful corporate culture-most people are hustled out of the door in their mid 40s-it had no one to send. In the end, through Experconnect, an employment agency in Paris which places retired people, it found a 58-year-old former head of a European consumer-goods firm

47、, and sent him out to Mumbai. France has a poor record when it comes to keeping older people in the workforce. The retirement age is 60, not 65 as in most developed countries. In 2005 only 37.8% of people aged 55-64 had jobs, versus 56.8% in Britain and 44.9% in Germany. The main reason is that in t

48、he 1980s, when there was high unemployment, the government promoted early retirement. That entrenched the idea that older workers were less productive, says Caroline Young, Experconnects founder. Now companies are worried about losing their most skilled workers, especially as the baby boom generatio

49、n nears retirement. Areva, a nuclear-power group, recently launched a scheme to address the needs of older employees, and plans to use about 100 retired people a year through Experconnect. Because nuclear power was unpopular for decades, Areva stopped training engineers, so that much of its expertise lies with its oldest staff. Now it is taking much more interest in t