【考研类试卷】考研英语-301及答案解析.doc

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1、考研英语-301 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDirections:/BRead the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. The majority of people, about nine out of ten, are right-handed.U (1) /U until recently, people who wer

2、e left-handed were considered U(2) /U, and once children showed this tendency they were forced to use their right hands. Today left-handedness is generally U(3) /U, but it is still a disadvantage in a world U(4) /U most people are right-handed. For example, most tools and implements are still U(5) /

3、U for right-handed people.In sports U(6) /U contrast, doing things with the left hand or foot, .is often an advantage. Throwing, kicking, punching or batting from the“U (7) /U “side may result in throwingU (8) /U many opponents who are more accustomed to dealing with theU (9) /U of players who are r

4、ight-handed. This is why, in manyU (10) /U at a professional level, aU (11) /U proportion of players are left-handed than in the population as a whole.The word “right“ in many languages means “correct“ or isU (12) /U with lawfulness, whereas the words associatedU (13) /U “left“, such as “sinister“,

5、generally haveU (14) /U associations. Moreover, among a number of primitive peoples, there isU (15) /U close association between death and the left hand.In the past, inU (16) /U western societies, children were often forced to use their right hands, especially to write with. In some cases the left h

6、and wasU (17) /U behind the childs back so that it could not be used. If, in the future, they are allowed to choose, U(18) /U will certainly be more left-handers, and probablyU (19) /U people with minor psychological disturbances as a result of being forced to use theirU (20) /U hand.（分数：10.00）A.Dow

7、nB.NeverC.UpD.NotA.uniqueB.eccentricC.normalD.abnormalA.acceptedB.admittedC.approvedD.acknowledgedA.whenB.thatC.whereD.whichA.orderedB.designedC.plannedD.supposedA.byB.forC.atD.withA.properB.indirectC.correctD.wrongA.awayB.downC.offD.upA.minorityB.majorityC.plentyD.lackA.gamesB.hobbiesC.activitiesD.

8、roundsA.moreB.higherC.betterD.smallerA.relatedB.mixedC.connectedD.combinedA.byB.withC.toD.atA.negativeB.positiveC.similarD.equalA.theB.anyC.someD.aA.allB.mostlyC.anyD.mostA.tiedB.attachedC.broughtD.removedA.thoseB.theseC.thereD.theyA.onB.moreC.greaterD.fewerA.leftB.rightC.eitherD.correct二、BSection R

9、eadi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BText 1/BA study by scientists in Finland has found that mobile phone radiation can cause changes in human cells that might affect the brain, the leader of the research team said.But Darius Leszczynski, who headed the 2-year study and will present findings next week at a conferen

10、ce in Quebec, said more research was needed to determine the seriousness of the changes and their impact on the brain or the body.The study at Finlands Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority found that exposure to radiation from mobile phones can cause increased activity in hundreds of proteins in h

11、uman cells grown in a laboratory, he said.“We know that there is some biological response. We can detect it, with our very sensitive approaches, but we do not know whether it can have any physiological effects on the human brain or human body,“ Leszczynski said.Nonetheless the study, the initial fin

12、dings of which were published last month in the scientific journal Differentiation, raises new questions about whether mobile phone radiation can weaker/the brains protective shield against harmful substances.The study focused on changes in cells that line blood vessels and on whether such changes c

13、ould weaken the functioning of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents potentially harmful substances from entering the brain from the bloodstream, Leszczynski said.The study found that a protein called hsp27 linked to the functioning of the bloodbrain barrier showed increased activity due to irradi

14、ation and pointed to a possibility that such activity could make the shield more permeable, he said.“Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrink-not the blood vessels but the cells themselvesand then tiny gaps could appear between those cells through which some molecules could pass.“ he s

15、aid.Leszczynski declined to speculate on what kind of health risks that could pose, but said a French study indicated that headache, fatigue and sleep disorders could result.“These are not life-threatening problems but can cause a lot of discomfort,“ he said, adding that a Swedish group had also sug

16、gested a possible link with Alzheimers disease.“Where the truth is I do not know,“ he said.Leszczynski said that he, his wife and children use mobile phones, and he said that he did not think his study suggested any need for new restrictions on mobile phone use.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Leszczynski

17、, how does mobile phone affect ones health?（分数：2.00）A.Mobile phone radiation can increase protein activities and such activities can make the protective shield more permeable.B.Mobile phone radiation can shrink the blood vessels and prevent blood from flowing smoothly.C.Mobile phone radiation will b

18、ring stress to people exposed to it.D.Mobile phone radiation kills blood cells at a rapid speed.(2).Whats the result of the French study?（分数：2.00）A.The harm of mobile phone radiation is life-threatening.B.Mobile phone may affect ones normal way of thinking.C.Sleep disorders could result from mobile

19、phone radiation.D.A protein called hsp27 is killed by mobile phone radiation.(3).What kind of disease could not be caused by the use of mobile phone?（分数：2.00）A.Fatigue.B.Headache.C.Alzheimers disease.D.Tuberculosis.(4).According to the passage, what would be the future of the use of mobile phone?（分数

20、：2.00）A.People will be forbidden to use mobile phone.B.People dare not use mobile phone because of its radiation.C.People will continue to use mobile phone.D.There will be new restrictions on the use of mobile phone.(5).Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The resea

21、rch in Finland found that mobile phone radiation will affect ones brain.B.Mobile phone radiation can cause increased activity in hundreds of protein in human cells.C.Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrink.D.Lszczynski forbid his wife and children to use mobile phone after his researc

22、h.BText 2/BEffective communication is essential for all organisations. It links the activities of the various parts of the organisation and ensures that everyone is working towards a Common goal. It is also extremely important for motivating employees. Staff need to know how they are getting on, wha

23、t they are doing right and in which areas they could improve. Working alone can be extremely difficult and it is much easier if someone takes an interest and provides support. Employees need to understand why their job is important and how it contributes to the overall success of the firm. Personal

24、communication should also include target setting. People usually respond well to goals, provided these are agreed between the manager and subordinate and not imposed.However, firms often have communications problems that can undermine their performance. In many cases, these problems occur because me

25、ssages are passed on in an inappropriate way. There are of course, several ways of conveying information to others in the organisation. These include speaking to them directly, e-mailing, telephoning or sending a memo. The most appropriate method depends on what exactly it is you are communicating.

26、For example, anything that is particularly sensitive or confidential, such as an employees appraisal, should be done face-to-face.One of the main problems for senior executives is that they do not have the time or resources needed to communicate effectively. In large companies, for example, it is im

27、possible for senior managers to meet and discuss progress with each employee individually. Obviously this task can be delegated but at the cost of creating a gap between senior management and staff. As a result, managers are often forced to use other methods of communication. Like memos or notes, ev

28、en if they know these are not necessarily the most suitable means of passing on messages.The use of technology, such as e-mail, mobile phones and network system, is speeding up communication immensely. However, this does not mean that more investment in technology automatically proves beneficial, sy

29、stems can become outdated or employees may lack appropriate training. There are many communications tools now available but a firm cannot afford all of them. Even if it could, it does not actually need them all. The potential gains must be weighed up against the costs, and firms should realise that

30、more communication does not necessarily mean better communication.As the number of people involved in an organisation increase, the use of written communication rises even faster. Instead of a quick conversation to sort something out numerous messages can be passed backwards and forwards. This can l

31、ead to a tremendous amount of paperwork and is often less effective than face to face communication. When you are actually talking to someone you can discuss things until you are happy they have understood and feedback is immediate. With written messages, however, you are never quite sure how it wil

32、l be received. What you think you have said and what the other person thinks you have said can be very different.The amount of written information generated in large organisations today can lead to communication overload. So much information is gathered that it gets in the-way of making decisions. T

33、ake a look at the average managers desk and you will see the problemit is often covered in letters, reports and memos. This overload can lead to inefficiencies. For example, managers may not be able to find the information they want when they need it. Communication is also becoming more difficult wi

34、th the changes occurring in employment patterns. With more people working part-time and working from home, managing communication is becoming increasingly complex.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the writer, the best way of achieving effective communication is to_.（分数：2.00）A.adapt the message to suit a pa

35、rticular audienceB.make the content of message brief and directC.select the most suitable means of conveying a particular messageD.ensure that information is targeted at the appropriate group of people(2).What does the writer say about the communication options available to senior managers?（分数：2.00）

36、A.Sending memos to staff is one of the most efficient methods.B.It is important to find the time to discuss certain matters with staff.C.They should increase the range of options that they use.D.Getting junior managers to talk to staff can create different problems.(3).What advice is given about the

37、 communication tools made available by technology?（分数：2.00）A.Aim to limit staff use of certain communication tools.B.Evaluate them in terms of the expenditure involved.C.Select them on the basis of the facilities they offer.D.Encourage more staff to attend training courses in their use.(4).According

38、 to the writer, a problem with written communication is that_.（分数：2.00）A.the message can be interpreted differently to what was intendedB.it can be easy for people to ignore the contents of a written messageC.most people are more comfortable with face-to-face communicationD.it is possible for corres

39、pondence to get lost within a large organisation(5).According to the article, what is the effect of receiving large amounts of written information?（分数：2.00）A.It is counter-productive.B.It causes conflict in a company.C.It leads to changes in work patterns.D.It makes the main points more difficult to

40、 identify.BText 3/BCulture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, belief and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic supe

41、riority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped form of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in gene

42、ral began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward“ languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for t

43、he transfer of ideas. They fall behind the western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, howe

44、ver, two things are to he noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion; either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distincti

45、ons in “backward“ languages, while different from ours; are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this“ and “that“); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or the pers

46、on addressed, or remote from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.（分数：10.00）(1).The author uses quotation

47、marks in “backward“ to indicate that_.（分数：2.00）A.backward languages are connected with backward groupsB.backward languages are connected with backward culturesC.backward languages are moving forwardD.there is no such thing as backward languages(2).The example of American Indian languages in the pass

48、age is to illustrate that_.（分数：2.00）A.American Indian languages are not backwardB.“backward“ languages are borrowing from other languagesC.“backward“ languages may possess quite complicated vocabulariesD.western languages may also borrow from “backward“ languages(3).According to the author, “backwar

49、d“ languages tend to expand in_.（分数：2.00）A.grammatical structuresB.vocabulariesC.complicationD.sound patterns(4).Judging from the passage, the author might be_.（分数：2.00）A.an American IndianB.a CanadianC.an AfricanD.a Japanese(5).The best title for this passage is_.（分数：2.00）A.Criticism of Language HierarchyB.Cultural Equality from the Perspective