【考研类试卷】考博英语-589及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-589 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Chicago began life in 1779 (1) a small trading post on the Chicago River. A farsighted black freedman, Jean du Sable, did a flourishing fur (2) with the Native Americans. When his trading post became a fort and then a city, it was (3) Chicag

2、o. This is the Native American word for the wild onions found in the area.In 1820 Chicago (4) ten or twelve houses and a store or two. Now it is the third largest city in the (5) , and still it continues to grow. Thousands of new buildings are (6) every year. They are built to accommodate new busine

3、sses and residences. More than seven (7) people now live in and around the city.Astride the crossroads of the nation, Chicago is the largest railroad (8) in the world. No other city in the land is a larger trucking center. The city, (9) on lake Michigan, is the largest inland port in the world. OHar

4、e Airport is the worlds busiest commercial airport. Overall, Chicago is the leading (10) center in the United States.Its location in the heart of North Americas farmland (11) Chicago the worlds largest grain market. It also plays (12) each year to more than a thousand conventions. In 1860 Abraham Li

5、ncoln was nominated for President at the Republican convention (13) here. That was to establish a pattern for both the Democratic and Republican parties since that time. Half of all major (14) conventions have taken place in Chicago.But Chicago did not achieve success without problems. At one time p

6、ollution from the Chicago River (15) the citys water supply from Lake Michigan. (16) pure drinking water, the engineers reversed the course of the river (17) it flowed backwards, away from the lake! This kept the water supply (18) . Even the famous fire of 1871 could not snuff out the spirits of the

7、 vital young giant. The entire central city was (19) , but citizens built anew. And they erected the first towering structure of steel and concrete. In doing so, they invented the (20) Today, as an example, Chicagos impressive skyline includes the worlds tallest building. The 1454 foot Sears Tower.（

8、分数：10.00）(1).A. in B. as C. like D. at（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. business B. company C. store D. area（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. built B. attracted C. named D. found（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. made up B. consisted of C. started off D. gave out（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. world B. state C. province D. nation（分数：0.50

9、）A.B.C.D.(6).A. constructed B. cleaned C. called D. admired（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. hundred B. thousand C. million D. billion（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. trading B. centre C. position D. place（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. locates B. locating C. to locate D. located（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. transportation B. spor

10、ts C. tourist D. entertainment（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. eases B. takes C. makes D. sells（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. guest B. host C. invitation D. production（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. to hold B. holding C. holds D. held（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. political B. educational C. business D. religious（分数：0.50）A.B.

11、C.D.(15).A. cut B. cleaned C. threatened D. established（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. Ensured B. To ensure C. Ensuring D. To be sure（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. however B. then C. therefore D. so that（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. clean B. salty C. warm D. polluted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. constructed B. established

12、 C. destroyed D. supplied（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. freeway B. skyscraper C. subway D. elevator（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Reading comprehens(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、passage one(总题数：1，分数：10.00)To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendoffs assertion that social change exists everywhere.

13、Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change.Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt g

14、ame or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle and the Russian nuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the h

15、uman quality of technology; they provide cases in which well-planned systems suddenly went haywire and there was no ready hand to set them right, Since technology is a human creation, we are responsible for what is done with it. Pessimists worry that we will use out technology eventually to blow our

16、 world and ourselves to pieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive and even flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, the impact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.Few technological

17、developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computer revolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks that once only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-based economy is in the same camp as other

18、great historical milestones, particularly the Industrial Revolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it was not the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change. It gave rise to mass production and, through m

19、ass production, to a society in which wealth was not confined to the few.In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication. The Industrial Revolution suppl

20、emented and replaced the muscles of humans and animals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement and replace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents i

21、ts greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in prediction the impact on society.（分数：10.00）(1).A spear or a robot has the quality of technology only when it _.A. is used both as a cultural and a physical objectB. serves different purposes equally wellC. is utilized by manD. cab be

22、of use to both man and animal（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The examples of the Challenger and Chernobyl cited by the author serve to show that _.A. if not given close examination, technology could be used to destroy our worldB. technology is a human creation, so we are responsible for itC. technology usually

23、 goes wrong, if not controlled by manD. being a human creation, technology is liable to error（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the author, the introduction of the computer is a revolution mainly because _.A. the computer has revolutionized the workings of the human mindB. the computer can do the tas

24、ks that could only be done by people beforeC. it has helped to switch to an information technologyD. it has a great potential impact on society（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).By using the phrase “the human quality of technology“ (Para. 2 ), the author refers to the fact that technology _.A. has a great impact

25、on human lifeB. has some characteristics of human natureC. can replace some aspects of the human mindD. does not exist in the natural world（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The passage is based on the authors _.A. keen insight into the nature of technologyB. prejudiced criticism of the role of the Industrial Rev

26、olutionC. cautious analysis of the replacement of the human mind by computersD. exaggerated description of the negative consequences of technology（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.四、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Every minute of every day, what ecologist James Carlton calls a global “conveyor belt“ redistributes ocean o

27、rganisms. Its a planet wide biological disruption that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carltonan oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown, Mass. explains that, at any given moment, “there are several thousand marine species traveling, in the ballast water of ships. “ These cr

28、eatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous invasion of fish destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels.Such voracious invaders at least make their presence known. What co

29、ncerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignlyor even beneficiallyjoin the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sen

30、se, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. Whats new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of shipballast water taken in to provide ship stabilitycontinuously moving around the world.

31、Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of thousands of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that com

32、e along tend to be in their larva free floating stage. When discharged in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish, slugs, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballas

33、t water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for the North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scie

34、ntists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that seas anchov

35、y fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological “conveyor belt“ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be clone about it.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Dr

36、. Carlton, ocean organisms are _.A. being moved to new environmentsB. destroying the planetC. succumbing to the zebra musselD. developing alien characteristics（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Oceanographers are concerned because _.A. their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB. they believe the oceans are dy

37、ingC. they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD. they have identified thousands of alien webs（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to Marine ecologists, transplanted marine species _.A. may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB. are all compatible with one anotherC. can only survive in their home watersD.

38、sometimes disrupt shipping lanes（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The identified cause of the problem is _.A. the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD. the world wide movement of ocean currents（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The article suggests that a so

39、lution to the problem _.A. is unlikely to be identifiedB. must precede further researchC. is hypothetically easyD. will limit global shipping（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Store shelves are filling up with so-called “green“ products promising to benefit the environment. A recent con

40、troversy pitting the influential magazine Consume Reports against a popular new energy-saving device shows that it can be as difficult for buyers to confirm such claims as for manufacturers to defend them.The controversy concerns the GreenPlug Electricity Saver ($29$39 retail). Consumers snapped 500

41、 000 in 1993, the plugs first year on the market. Gross revenue was $10 million for the fledgling manufacturer, Green Technologies Inc. , of Boulder, Colo.The GreenPlug is supposed to prevent energy waste by appliances whose constant-speed motors operate at less than full loadas is especially true o

42、f older refrigerators. Research conducted for the space shuttle showed that such motors can be made to do the same work with less heat, noise, and power consumption just by lowering the voltage of the power supply.John and Wyck Hay, two of the founders of the Celestial Seasonings Herb Tea Company, s

43、tarted Green Technologies in 1990 to apply that finding to home appliances. In the United States alone, there are more than 140 million refrigerators in use, accounting for an average of 16 percent of the household electric bill. That share can run as high as 25 percent in a small apartment.Two year

44、s of research resulted in the GreenPlug. Connecting between wall socket and refrigerator, the device contains an analog computer that gives a motor full power (120 V on average) for start-up, then reduces the power to 106 V.That boosts the efficiency, but a lot of factors affect how much electricity

45、 and money are saved. Line voltage varies from home to home.Older refrigerators are the most overpowered and, thus, save the most energy with a GreenPlug. Refrigerators less than two years old are so efficient already that a GreenPlug actually makes them waste electricity.The higher the voltage, the

46、 larger the difference a GreenPlug makes.Higher power costs shorten the payback time. The population-weighted national average is 10 cents per kilowatt-hour. But some residents in Washington State pay 1.5 cents. Some in Alaska pay 416 cents.Then come highly individual household factors like the numb

47、er of children of refrigerator-opening age. All in all, the GreenPlug should save the average consumer $20 a year, says Steve Ehli, director of public relations for Green Technologies.Controversy over the GreenPlug began when Bernard Deitrick, a project leader at Consumers Union, tested the device o

48、n refrigerators made in 1969, 1975, 1978 and 1992. His results appeared in an unfavorable review in the November issue of Consume Reports, drawing a barrage of challenges from Green Technologies as well as Green-Plug vendors and customers.Although the GreenPlug lowered the voyage as it was designed

49、to do, Consume Reports questioned how quicklyif everelectricity savings attributable to the plug would repay its cost. People would be better of buying a new, high-efficiency refrigerator, the magazine advised.Consumer Reports also said that the GreenPlug didnt give a claimed 25 percent savings worth $50 a year. The savings on the oldest model was the best at 8.6 percent, worth $20 a year.Green Technologies responded that by November it had discontinued a pamphlet that implied that the GreenPlug could deliver a 2