【考研类试卷】考博英语-586及答案解析.doc

《【考研类试卷】考博英语-586及答案解析.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《【考研类试卷】考博英语-586及答案解析.doc（24页珍藏版）》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。

1、考博英语-586 及答案解析(总分：115.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? (1) an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets (2) the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reporters

2、are on the spot to (3) the news.Newspapers have one basic (4) , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to (5) it.Radio, telegraph, television, and (6) inventions brought competition for newspaper. So did the development of magazines and other

3、 means of communication. (7) , this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the (8) and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are (9) and read than ever before, competition also led new

4、spapers to branch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers (10) of the latest news, todays newspapers (11) and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers economic choices (12) advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising fo

5、r their very (13) .Newspapers are sold at a price that (14) even a small fraction of the cost of production.The main (15) of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The (16) in selling advertising depends on a newspapers value to advertisers. This (17) in terms of circulation. How many

6、 people read the newspaper?Circulation depends (18) on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment (19) in a newspapers pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspapers value to readers as a source of information (20) the community, city, county, stat

7、e, nation, and worldand even outer space.（分数：10.00）(1).A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D. Before（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. gather B. spread C. carry D. bring（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. reason B. cause C. problem D. purpose（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D

8、.(5).A. make B. publish C. know D. write（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. another B. other C. one another D. the other（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. However B. And C. Therefore D. So（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. value B. ratio C. rate D. speed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. spread B. passed C. printed D. completed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D

9、.(10).A. inform B. be informed C. to be informed D. informed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. entertain B. encourage C. educate D. edit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. on B. through C. with D. of（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. tries to cover B. manages to co

10、ver C. fails to cover D. succeeds in covering（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. source B. origin C. course D. finance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. way B. means C. chance D. success（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. measures B. measured C. is measured D. was measured（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. somewhat B. little C. much D. some

11、thing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. by B. with C. at D. about（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Reading comprehens(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Five cloned piglets, genetically modified so that their organs are much less likely to

12、 be rejected by a human donor recipient, have been born in the US.More than 62000 people in the US alone are waiting to receive donated hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys and pancreases. The number of human donors falls far short of demand. Pig organs are of a similar size to human organs, and some scie

13、ntists hope they might be used to help meet the shortfall. But previous attempts to transplant unaltered pig tissue into humans have failed, due to immune rejection of the tissue.The five piglets, born on Christmas Day, lack a gene for an enzyme that adds a sugar to the surface of pig ceils. The sug

14、ar would trigger a patients immune system into launching an immediate attack.“This advance provides a near-time solution for overcoming the shortage of human organs for transplants, as well as insulin-producing cells to cure diabetes,“ says David Ayares, vice president of research at PPL Therapeutic

15、s, US division, where the pigs were created. “This is the key gene for overcoming the early stage of rejection. “However, scientists warn that much more work is necessary before organs from copies of the pigs could be transplanted into humans. Human genes will need to be added, to prevent rejection

16、of the organ in the long-term. There are also concerns that pig viruses could infect organ recipients.Cloning techniques were vital to the production of the pigs. Genes can only be knocked out in a single cell. Cloning of these single cells then allowed the creation of a whole animal in which the ge

17、ne was knocked out in every cell. But the PPL researchers have succeeded in knocking out only one copy of the gene for the enzyme, called alpha 1, 3 galactosyl transferase, The team will now attempt to knock out both copies of the gene.“There will also be other genes we will incorporate into our pro

18、gram,“ Ayares says. “We dont think that one gene is going to produce an organ thats going to be the end-all for transplantation. Were going to have to add two to three human genes as well. “The team will also conduct tests to investigate whether so-called porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVS) from

19、 the pigs could infect human cells in culture. But Ayares hopes that organs created from PPL pigs could be transplanted into patients within five years.“But although a lot of the stem cell work is very exciting, were still very far off being able to grow an organ in a culture dish,“ says Julia Green

20、stein of Immerge Bio Therapeutics in Charlestown, US, who is working on creating similar knock-out pigs with researchers at the University of Missouri.（分数：25.00）(1).The scientists want to transplant the pigs organ for the following reasons except that _.A. the number of human organ donors are far fr

21、om enoughB. pig organs are almost as large as human organsC. the transplant of gene-altered pig organs causes no immune rejectionD. pig organs viruses will not infect human body（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The five piglets will not cause immune rejection because _.A. they are cloned pigsB. they dont have su

22、garC. they lack a geneD. they have a human gene（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Why cloning techniques were vital to the production of the pigs?A. Cloning techniques can change a lot of genes.B. Cloning techniques can get rid of viruses from pig organs.C. Cloning techniques can create a whole animal free from c

23、ertain gene.D. Cloning techniques can grow an organ in a culture dish.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What does the word culture mean in “could infect human cells in culture“ ?A. Intellectual and artistic activity, and the works produced by it.B. The growing of microorganisms, tissue cells, or other living mat

24、ter in a specially prepared nutrient medium.C. The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, etc.D. Enlightenment resulting from such training or education.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which one of the following is not the PPL Therapeutics future object?A. To knock out one copy of t

25、he gene for the enzyme.B. To study more genes in their program.C. To test whether a virus from the pigs could infect human cells.D. To transplant organs created from PPL pigs into patients（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.四、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Tattoos didnt spring up with the dawn of biker gangs and rock n ro

26、ll bands. Theyve been around for a long time and had many different meanings over the course of history.For years, scientists believed that Egyptians and Nubians were the first people to tattoo their bodies. Then, in 1991, a mummy was discovered, dating back to the Bronze Age of about 3300 B.C. “The

27、 Iceman,“ as the specimen was dubbed, had several markings on his body, including a cross on the inside of his knee and lines on his ankle and back. It is believed these tattoos were made in a curative effort.Being so advanced, the Egyptians reportedly spread the practice of tattooing throughout the

28、 world. The pyramid-building third and fourth dynasties of Egypt developed international nations with Crete, Greece, Persia and Arabia. The art tattooing stretched out all the way to Southeast Asia by 2000 B. C. Around the same time, the Japanese became interested in the art but only for its decorat

29、ive attributes, as opposed to magical ones. The Japanese tattoo artists were the undisputed masters. Their use of colors, perspective, and imaginative designs gave the practice a whole new angle. During the first millennium A.D., Japan adopted Chinese culture in many aspects and confined tattooing t

30、o branding wrongdoers.In the Balkans, the Thracians had a different use for the craft. Aristocrats, according to Herodotus, used it to show the world their social status. Although early Europeans dabbled with tattooing, they truly rediscovered the art from when the world exploration of the post-Rena

31、issance made them seek out new cultures. It was their meeting with Polynesian that introduced them to tattooing. The word, in fact is derived from the Polynesian word tattoo, which means “to mark“.Most of the early uses of tattoos were ornamental. However, a number of civilizations had practical app

32、lications for this craft. The Goths, a tribe of Germanic barbarians famous for pillaging Roman settlements, used tattoos to mark their slaves. Romans did the same with slaves and criminals.In Tahiti, tattoos were a rite of passage and told the history of the persons life. Reaching adulthood, boys go

33、t one tattoo to commemorate the event. Men were marked with another style when they got married.Later, tattoos became the souvenir of choice for globetrotting sailors. Whenever they would reach an exotic locale, they would get a new tattoo to mark the occasion. A dragon was a famous style that meant

34、 the sailor had reached a “China station. “ At first, sailors would spend their free time on the ship tattooing themselves and their mates. Soon after, tattoo parlors were set up in the area, surrounding ports worldwide.In the middle of the 19th century, police officials believed that half of the cr

35、iminal underworld in New York City had tattoos. Port areas were renowned for being rough places full of sailors that were guilty of some crime or another. This is most likely how tattoos got such a bad reputation and became associated with rebels and delinquents.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passag

36、e, tattoos were adopted for all of the following purposes EXCEPT _.A. to treat the diseaseB. to challenge social moresC. to record the footprints of ones lifeD. to adorn oneself（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Tattoo was believed to be created _.A. together with biker gangs and rock n roll bandsB. in 1991 when

37、a mummy was discoveredC. firstly in Southeast Asia by 2000 BCD. by Egyptians and Nubians（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In Japan, tattoos were accepted as _.A. a means of ornamentB. a symbol of magical powerC. a way of communicationD. a sign of success（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following statement is tr

38、ue according to the passage?A. Both China and Japan confined tattooing to marking criminals.B. Romans used tattoos for decoration.C. Sailors took tattoos as the gift for their friends and relatives.D. Tattoo parlors were usually found in downtown areas.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Why did tattoos become ass

39、ociated with rebels and delinquents in New York?A. Because in the middle of the 19th century, criminals were usually tattooed by the government.B. Because sailors had tattoos and some of the sailors were guilty of some crime or another.C. Because tattoos were the marks for the members of certain org

40、anizations.D. Because Port authorities required the sailors to wear tattoos.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of m

41、any emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the univer

42、sal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse c

43、ultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those q

44、ueried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how th

45、ey would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The pa

46、rticipants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial m

47、uscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (feedback) are sent back to emotion centers of the brai

48、n, and so a persons facial expression can influence that persons emotional state. Consider Darwins words: “ The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. “ Can smiling give rise to

49、feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level