【考研类试卷】考博英语-541及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-541 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：20.00)The opposite of adaptive divergence is an interesting and fairly common expression of evolution. Whereas related groups of organisms take on widely different characters in becoming adapted to unlike environments in the case of a

2、daptive divergence. We find that Unrelated groups of organisms exhibit adaptive convergence when they spot similar modes of life or become suited for special sorts of environments. For example, invertebrate marine animals living firmly attached to the sea bottom or to some foreign object tend to dev

3、elop a sub- cylindrical or conical form. This is illustrated by coral individuals, by many sponges, and even by the diminutive tubes of bryozoans. Adaptive convergence in taking this coral-like form is shown by some brachiopods and pelecypods that grew in fixed position. More readily appreciated is

4、the streamlined fitness of most fishes for moving swiftly through water; they have no neck, the contour of the body is smoothly curved so as to give minimum resistance, and the chief propelling organ is a powerful tail fin. The fact that some fossil reptiles (ichthyosaurs) and modem mammals (whales,

5、 dolphins) are wholly fishlike in form is an expression of adaptive convergence, for these air-breathing reptiles and mammals, which are highly efficient swimmers, are not closely related to fishes. Unrelated or distantly related organisms that develop similarity of form are sometimes designated as

6、homeomorphs (having same form).（分数：4.00）(1).Organisms that could be classified as homeomorphs are _.（分数：1.00）A.whale and dolphinB.halibut and whaleC.ichthyosaurs and dolphinsD.invertebrate marine animals and vertebrate marine animals(2).Adaptive convergence and adaptive divergence are _.（分数：1.00）A.m

7、anifestations of evolutionB.biological phenomenaC.ways in which plants and animals adjust to a common environmentD.demonstrated by brachiopods and pelecypods(3).Ichthyosaurs are _.（分数：1.00）A.mammals that live in the seaB.closely related to fishesC.fossil reptilesD.air-breathing animals(4).Invertebra

8、te marine animals are _.（分数：1.00）A.homeomorphsB.conical in formC.coralD.without bonesThe great question that this paper will, but feebly, attempt to answer is, What is the creative process?Though much theory has accumulated, little is really known about the power that lies at tile bottom of poetic c

9、reation. It is true that great poets and artists produce beauty by employing all the powers of personality and by fusing emotions, reason, and intuitions. But what is the magical synthesis that joins and arranges these complex parts into poetic unity?John L. Lowes, in his justly famous The Road to X

10、anadu, developed one of the earliest and still generally acceptable answers to this tantalizing question. Imaginative creation, he concludes, is a complex process in which the conscious and unconscious minds “jointly operate.“ “There isthe deep well with its chaos of fortuitously blending images; bu

11、t there is likewise the Vision which sees shining in and through the chaos the potential lines of Form, and with the Vision, the controlling Will, which gives to that potential beauty actuality.“The Deep Well is the unconscious mind that is peopled with the facts, ideas, feelings of conscious activi

12、ty. The imaginative vision, an unconscious activity, shines through the land of chaos, of lights and shadows, silently seeking pattern and form. Finally, the conscious mind again, through Will, captures and embodies the idea in the final work of art. In this way is unity born out of chaos.Though the

13、re can be no absolute certainty, there is general agreement that the periods in the development of a creative work parallel, to some extent, Lowes theory of Well, Vision, Form, and Will. There are at least three stages in the creative process: preparation, inspiration, work.In a sense, the period of

14、 preparation is all of the writers life. It is the Deep Well. It is especially a period of concentration which gives the unconscious mind an opportunity to communicate with the conscious mind. When remembrance of things past reaches the conscious level of the writers mind, he is ready to go on with

15、the process. Part of this preparation involves learning a medium-learning a language, learning how to write, learning literary forum. It is important to note here that form cannot be imposed upon the idea. Evidence, though sparse, shows that the idea gives birth to the form that can best convey it.

16、It is the Vision, according to Lowes, “which sees shining in and through the chaos the potential lines of Form /（分数：4.00）(1).When remembrance of things past reaches the conscious level, the poet has reached the stage called _.（分数：1.00）A.WellB.VisionC.FormD.Will(2).Which of the following statements i

17、s true?（分数：1.00）A.The form determines the subject matter.B.The idea determines the form.C.Vision makes beauty an actuality.D.A writers period of preparation is spent at school.(3).Fortuitously in the third paragraph means _.（分数：1.00）A.accidentallyB.luckilyC.thoroughlyD.unconsciously(4).The remembran

18、ce of things past is carried on in the _.（分数：1.00）A.Deep WellB.VisionC.chaotic lights and shadowsD.FormSince the Hawaiian Islands have never been connected to other landmasses, the great variety of plants in Hawaii must be a result of the long-distance dispersal of seeds, a process that requires bot

19、h a method of transport and an equivalence between the ecology of the source area and that of the recipient area.There is some dispute about the method of transport involved. Some biologists argue that ocean and air currents are responsible for the transport of plant seeds to Hawaii. Yet the results

20、 of flotation experiments and the low temperatures of air currents cast doubt on these hypotheses. More probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. While it is likel

21、y that fewer varieties of plant seeds have reached Hawaii externally than internally, more varieties are known to be adapted to external than to internal transport.（分数：4.00）(1).The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _.（分数：1.00）A.discussing different approaches biologists have taken to

22、 testing theories about the distribution of plants in HawaiiB.discussing different theories about the transport of plant seeds to HawaiiC.discussing the extent to which air currents are responsible for the dispersal of plant seeds to HawaiiD.resolving a dispute about the adaptability of plant seeds

23、to bird transport(2).The author mentions the results of flotation experiments on plant seeds most probably in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.support the claim that the distribution of plants in Hawaii is the result of the long distance dispersal of seedsB.lend credibility to the thesis that air currents prov

24、ide a method of transport for plant seeds to HawaiiC.suggest that the long-distance dispersal of seeds is a process that requires long periods of timeD.challenge the claim that ocean currents are responsible for the transport of plant seeds to Hawaii(3).It can be inferred from information in the pas

25、sage that the existence in alpine regions of Hawaii of a plant species that also grows in the southwestern United States would justify which of the following conclusions?（分数：1.00）A.The ecology of the southwestern United States is similar in important respects to the ecology of alpine regions of Hawa

26、ii.B.There are ocean currents that flow from the southwestern United States to Hawaii.C.The plant species discovered in Hawaii must have traveled from the southwestern United States only very recently.D.The plant species discovered in Hawaii reached there by attaching to the feathers of birds migrat

27、ing from the southwestern United States.(4).The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?（分数：1.00）A.Why does successful long-distance dispersal of plant seeds require equivalence between the ecology of the source area and that of the recipient area?B.Why are more v

28、arieties of plant seeds adapted to external rather than to internal bird transport?C.What varieties of plant seeds are birds that fly long distances most likely to swallow?D.What is a reason for accepting the long-distance dispersal of plant seeds as an explanation for the origin of Hawaii flora?A s

29、erious critic has to comprehend the particular content, unique structure, and special meaning of a work of art. And here she faces a dilemma. The critic must recognize the artistic element of uniqueness that requires subjective reaction; yet she must not be unduly prejudiced by such reactions. Her l

30、ikes and dislikes are less important than what the work itself communicates, and her preferences may blind her to certain qualities of the work and thereby prevent an adequate understanding of it. Hence, it is necessary that a critic develop a sensibility informed by familiarity with the history of

31、art and aesthetic theory. On the other hand, it is insufficient to treat the artwork solely historically, in relation to a fixed set of ideas or values. The critics knowledge and training are, rather, a preparation of the cognitive and emotional abilities needed for all adequate personal response to

32、 an artworks own particular qualities.（分数：4.00）(1).According to the author, a serious art critic may avoid being prejudiced by her subjective reactions if she _.（分数：1.00）A.treats an artwork in relation to a fixed set of ideas and valuesB.brings to her observation a knowledge of art history and aesth

33、etic theoryC.allows more time for the observation of each artworkD.takes into account the preferences of other art critics(2).The author implies that it is insufficient to treat a work of in solely historically because _.（分数：1.00）A.doing so would lead the critic into a dilemmaB.doing so can blind th

34、e critic to some of the artworks unique qualitiesC.doing so can insulate the critic from personally held beliefsD.subjective reactions can produce a biased response(3).The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?（分数：1.00）A.Art speaks to t

35、he passions as well as to the intellect.B.Most works of art express unconscious wishes or desires.C.The best art is accessible to the greatest number of people.D.The art produced in the last few decades is of inferior quality.(4).The authors argument is developed primarily by the use of _.（分数：1.00）A

36、.an attack on sentimentalityB.an example of successful art criticismC.a critique of artists trainingD.a warning against extremes in art criticismSimone de Beauvoirs work greatly influenced Betty Friedans-indeed, made it possible. Why, then, was it Friedan who became the prophet of womens emancipatio

37、n in the United States? Political conditions, as well as a certain anti-intellectual bias, prepared Americans and the American media to better receive Friedans deradicalized and highly pragmatic The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963, than Beauvoirs theoretical reading of womens situation in The S

38、econd Sex. In I953 when The Second Sex first appeared in translation in the United States, the country had entered the silent, fearful fortress of the anticommunist McCarthy years (1950-1954), and Beauvoir was suspected of Marxist sympathies. Even The Nation, a generally liberal magazine, warned its

39、 readers against “certain political leanings“ of the author. Open acknowledgement of the existence of womens oppression was too radical for the United States in the fifties, and Beauvoirs conclusion, that change in womens economic condition, though insufficient by itself, “remains time basic factor“

40、 in improving womens situation, was particularly unacceptable.（分数：4.00）(1).According to the passage, one difference between The Feminine Mystique and The Second Sex is that Friedans book _.（分数：1.00）A.rejects the idea that women are oppressedB.provides a primarily theoretical analysis of womens lives

41、C.does not reflect the political beliefs of its authorD.concentrates on the practical aspects of the question of womens emancipation(2).Tile author quotes from The Nation most probably in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.modify an earlier assertionB.point out a possible exception to her argumentC.illustrate he

42、r central pointD.clarify the meaning of a term(3).It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is not a factor in the explanation of why The Feminine Mystique was received more positively in the United States than was The Second Sex?（分数：1.00）A.By 1963 political conditions in the U

43、nited States had changed.B.Friedans book was less intellectual and abstract than BeauvoirsC.Readers did not recognize the powerful influence of Beauvoirs book on Friedans ideas.D.Friedans approach to the issue of womens emancipation was less radical than Beauviors.(4).According to the passage, Beauv

44、oirs book asserted that the status of women _.（分数：1.00）A.is the outcome of political oppressionB.is inherently tied to their economic conditionC.can be best improved under a communist governmentD.is a theoretical, rather than a pragmatic, issue二、Part Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.The _ of gifted chil

45、dren into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.（分数：1.00）A.segregationB.specificationC.spectrumD.subscription2.He added a _ to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm.（分数：1.00）A.presidencyB.prestigeC.postscriptD.preliminary3.It was clear that

46、the storm _ his arrival by two hours.（分数：1.00）A.retardedB.retiredC.refrainedD.retreated4.This problem should be discussed first, for it takes _ over all the other issues.（分数：1.00）A.precedenceB.prosperityC.presumptionD.probability5.All the music instruments in the orchestra will be _ before it starts

47、.（分数：1.00）A.civilizedB.chatteredC.chamberedD.chorded6.When the air in a certain space is squeezed to occupy a smaller space, the air is said to be _.（分数：1.00）A.commencedB.compressedC.compromisedD.compensated7.He _ himself bitterly for his miserable behavior that evening.（分数：1.00）A.repealedB.resented

48、C.relayedD.reproached8.Nobody knew how he came up with this _ idea about the trip.（分数：1.00）A.wearyB.twilightC.unanimousD.weird9.Business in this area has been _ because prices are too high.（分数：1.00）A.prosperousB.secretiveC.slackD.shrill10.The flower under the sun would _ quickly without any protecti

49、on.（分数：1.00）A.winkB.withholdC.witherD.widower11.He told a story about his sister who was in a sad _ when she was ill and had no money.（分数：1.00）A.plightB.polarizationC.plagueD.pigment12.Some linguists believe that the _ age for children learning a foreign language is 5 to 8.（分数：1.00）A.optimisticB.optionalC.optimalD.oppressed13.The crowd _ into the hall and some had to stand outside.（分数：1.00）A.outgrewB.overthrewC.overp