【考研类试卷】考博英语-184及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-184 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Vocabula(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.A _ to this problem is expected to be found before long.（分数：0.50）A.resultB.responseC.settlementD.solution2._ their differences the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other.（分数：0.50）A.But forB.For all

2、C.Above allD.Except for3.The relationship between employers and employees has been studied _.（分数：0.50）A.originallyB.extremelyC.violentlyD.intensively4.Customers may also be permitted to _ their current accounts for a short period in anticipation of a credit item coming in.（分数：0.50）A.overextendB.over

3、drawC.overvalueD.overpay5.He hoped the firm would _ him to the Paris branch.（分数：0.50）A.exchangeB.transmitC.transferD.remove6.Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this _ produces artificial cold surrounding it.（分数：0.50）A.absorptionB.transitionC.consumpti

4、onD.interaction7.The newcomers found it impossible to _ themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country.（分数：0.50）A.suitB.adaptC.regulateD.coordinate8.When travelling, you are advised to take travellers checks, which provide a secure _ to carrying your money in cash.

5、（分数：0.50）A.substituteB.selectionC.preferenceD.alternative9.I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a _ character.（分数：0.50）A.graciousB.suspiciousC.uniqueD.particular10.If you want to buy this house, the payment may be made in five _.（分数：0.50）A.installmentsB.piecesC.sharesD.parts11

6、.If the profits in one year are not sufficient to pay the dividend, the _ will be paid from the profits of later year.（分数：0.50）A.arrearB.debtC.differenceD.margin12.The purpose of a _ is to cut down imports in order to protect domestic industry and workers from foreign competition.（分数：0.50）A.taxB.tol

7、lC.feeD.tariff13.The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that _ the speakers stopped for refreshments.（分数：0.50）A.at largeB.at intervalsC.at easeD.at random14.I didnt say anything like that at all. You are purposely _ my ideas to prove your point.（分数：0.50）A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD

8、.distracting15.Having decided to rent a flat, we _ contacting all the accommodation agencies in the city.（分数：0.50）A.set aboutB.set downC.set outD.set up16.As a result of careless washing the jacket _ to a childs raze.（分数：0.50）A.compressedB.shrankC.droppedD.decreased17.One day I _ a newspaper article

9、 about the retirement of an English professor at a nearby state college.（分数：0.50）A.came acrossB.came aboutC.came afterD.came at18.Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been _ the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.（分数：0.50）A.pursuingB.chasingC

10、.reachingD.winning19.The car _ halfway for no reason.（分数：0.50）A.broke offB.broke downC.broke upD.broke our20.You have nothing to _ by refusing to listen to our advice,（分数：0.50）A.gainB.graspC.seizeD.earn二、BPart Cloze/(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the

11、20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happenedU (21) /U. As was discussed before, it was notU (22) /Uthe 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronicU (23) /U, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in theU (24)

12、/Uof the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolutionU (25) /Uup, beginning with transport, the railway, and leadingU (26) /Uthrough the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion picturesU (27) /Uthe 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone

13、sees that process inU (28) /U. It is important to do so.It is generally recognized,U (29) /U, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century,U (30) /Uby the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process,U (31) /Uits impact on the media was not i

14、mmediatelyU (32) /U. As time were by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal“ too. as well asU (33) /U, with display becoming sharper and storageU (34) /Uincreasing. They were thought of, like people,U (35) /Ugenerations, with the distance between generations much smal

15、ler.It was within the computer age that the term “information society“ began to be widely used to describe the context within which we now live.（分数：15.00）A.betweenB.beforeC.sinceD.laterA.afterB.byC.duringD.untilA.meansB.methodC.mediumD.measureA.processB.companyC.lightD.formA.gatheredB.speededC.worke

16、dD.pickedA.onB.outC.overD.offA.ofB.forC.beyondD.intoA.conceptB.dimensionC.effectD.perspectiveA.indeedB.henceC.howeverD.thereforeA.broughtB.followedC.stimulatedD.characterizedA.unlessB.sinceC.lestD.althoughA.apparentB.desirableC.negativeD.plausibleA.institutionalB.universalC.fundamentalD.instrumental

17、A.abilityB.capabilityC.capacityD.facultyA.by means ofB.in terms ofC.with regard toD.in line with三、BPart Reading (总题数：4，分数：40.00)BPassage 1/BThe climate of Earth is changing. Climatologists are confident that over the past century, the global average surface temperature has increased by about half a

18、degree Celsius. This warming is thought to be at least partly the result of human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests for agriculture. As the global population grows and national economies expand, the global average temperature is expected to continue increasi

19、ng by an additional 1.0 to 3.5 by the year 2100.Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing human- kind. Understanding the potential impacts of climate change for natural ecosystems is essential if we are going to manage our environment to minimize the negative consequenc

20、es of climate change and maximize the opportunities that it may offer. Because natural ecosystems are complex, nonlinear systems, it follows that their responses to climate change are likely to be complex. Climate change may affect natural ecosystems m a variety of ways. In the short term. climate c

21、hange can alter the mix of plant species in land ecosystems such as grasslands. In the long term, climate change has the potential to dramatically alter the geo- graphic distribution of major vegetation types savannas, forests, and climate change can also potentially alter global ecosystem processes

22、, including the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Moreover. changes in these ecosystem processes can affect and be affected by changes in the plant species of the ecosystem and vegetation type. All of the climate change-induced alterations of natural ecosystems affect the services

23、, that these ecosystems provide to humans.The global average surface temperature increase of half a degree Celsius observed over the past century has been in part due to differential changes in daily maximum and minimum temperatures, resulting in a narrowing of the diurnal temperature range. Decreas

24、es in the diurnal temperature range were first identified in the United States, where large-area trends showed that maximum temperatures have remained constant or increased only slightly, whereas minimum temperatures have increased at a faster rate. In this issue, Al-ward et al. report on the differ

25、ent sensitivities of rangeland plants to minimum temperature increases.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for the global warming?（分数：2.00）A.The burning of fuels such as coal or oil.B.The clearing of forests.C.The cultivation of farmland,D.The negative consequences of h

26、uman activities.(2).The second paragraph is primarily concerned with _.（分数：2.00）A.the potential impacts of climate change for natural ecosystemsB.how to minimize the negative consequences of climate changeC.how to maximize the opportunities that climate change may offerD.the complex, nonlinear natur

27、e of natural ecosystems(3).According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the temperature in- creases observed over the past century.?（分数：2.00）A.Increases of daily maximum temperatures.B.Decreases of daily minimum temperatures.C.Increases of diurnal temperature range.D.Decreases in the

28、 diurnal temperature range.(4).In subsequent paragraphs, we may expect the writer of this passage to _.（分数：2.00）A.discuss the global impacts of temperature increasesB.present a point of view which supports the idea of the second paragraphC.introduce Alwards report on the different sensitivities of r

29、angeland plants to minimum temperature increasesD.further illustrate the causes of the global average surface temperature increases(5).The word “diurnal“ (Line 3, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to_.（分数：2.00）A.day-and-nightsB.everydayC.two daysD.yearlyBPassage 2/BMany objects in daily use have clearl

30、y been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cant be reduced

31、 to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynam

32、ics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.The creative shaping process of a technologists mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of non-verbal thinking on the

33、 machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should be the valves placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by

34、 limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions, such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula.

35、Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed, to entail “hard thinking“, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive

36、processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college stu

37、dents with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to en- coun

38、ter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic con

39、trol systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.（分数：10.00）(1).In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with _.（分数：2.00）A.identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by techno

40、logistsB.stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering designC.proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in the development of technologyD.criticizing engineering schools for emphasizing science in engineering curricula(2).It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering c

41、urricula are _.（分数：2.00）A.strengthened when they include courses in designB.strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most of the coursesC.strong despite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the development of automatic control, systemsD.strong despite the absence

42、of nonscientific modes of thinking(3).The main point of the first two paragraphs can best be illustrated as _.（分数：2.00）A.when a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technologist who is best equipped to repair itB.a telephone is a complex instrument designed by technologists using onl

43、y nonverbal thoughtC.the designer of a new refrigerator should consider the designs of other refrigerators before deciding on its formD.the distinctive features of a suspension bridge reflect its designers conceptualization as wetl as the physical requirements of its site(4).The example of the early

44、 models of high-speed railroad cars is used to _.（分数：2.00）A.weaken the point that math is a necessary part of the study of designB.support the idea that errors in modern engineering systems are likely to increaseC.illustrate the topic that courses in design are the most effective cost-reducing means

45、D.exemplify the thesis that inadequate attention to nonscientific design may result in poor design(5).The author seems to be in agreement with which of the following?（分数：2.00）A.Mathematical thinking is essential to any design course.B.Non-verbal thinking has its advantage over other perceptive proce

46、sses.C.Engineering design demands scientific thought.D.Artists play a primitive role in engineering work.BPassage 3/BWe all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 748 hours sleep alternating with some 16,417 hours wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coin

47、cides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry

48、 where automation calls for round the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakeful-ness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week: a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a. m. one week, 8 a. m. to 4 p. m. the next, and 4 p. m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to an- other, so that much of his time is spent neither working