【考研类试卷】北京工业大学2011年434国际商务专业基础真题及答案解析.doc

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1、北京工业大学 2011 年 434 国际商务专业基础真题及答案解析(总分：150.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、第一部分(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、术语解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.国际商务 （分数：2.00）_2.多国企业(MNE)与多国公司(MNCs)、跨国公司(TNCs) （分数：2.00）_3.国际收支平衡表(BOP)的两个主要组成账户 （分数：2.00）_4.即期交易和远期交易 （分数：2.00）_5.战略性贸易政策 （分数：2.00）_6.外汇掉期 （分数：2.00）_7.波特钻石理论的产业竞争力四要素 （分数：2.00）_8.远期升水和远期贴水 （分数：2.0

2、0）_9.费雪效应 （分数：2.00）_10.信用证 （分数：2.00）_三、判断题(总题数：10，分数：30.00)11.按照国民总收入(GNI)的统计方法，在美国生产的福特 SUV 的价值和使用美国资本与管理在墨西哥生产的 SUV 价值，都应计入美国 GNI。但在美国用日本资本和管理生产的日本丰田的这部分价值也可以计入美国的 GNI。 （分数：3.00）A.正确B.错误12.为了弥补一国的贸易逆差可采取的吸引资本流入的方法有两种手段：一是通过国际援助等单方面转移支付来完成，另一是通过国际投资。 （分数：3.00）A.正确B.错误13.根据要素禀赋理论，相对充裕的要素的价格要比那些相对稀缺的

3、要素价格高。 （分数：3.00）A.正确B.错误14.国际商务的主要形式是商品贸易和外国直接投资。 （分数：3.00）A.正确B.错误15.石油输出国组织是一种生产者联盟，利用配额来控制供给，间接影响价格。不能算作国际商品协定。 （分数：3.00）A.正确B.错误16.麦当劳在中国允许经销商使用其商标，同时提供日常营运操作、培训、营销、广告、人力资源、采购和店铺选址等广泛的支持和保障。这是一般的许可使用经营方式。 （分数：3.00）A.正确B.错误17.外汇市场有两大组成部分：场内市场和场外市场组成，大多数外汇交易活动在场内市场进行，场内市场由商业银行、投资银行、证券交易市场等组成。 （分数：

4、3.00）A.正确B.错误18.乐观和保守是公司在评价和承认收入时所表现出的谨慎态度。从会计观点来看，乐观的国家倾向于低估资产和收入，而保守的国家在确认收入时比较宽松。 （分数：3.00）A.正确B.错误19.当把外国货币财务报表换算成美元时，有两种方法：现行汇率法和时态法，它们的主要差别在于确认国外损益，在现行汇率法下，收益或者损失直接记入损益表，影响每股收益；在时态法下，收益或损失直接作为所有者权益中独立的项目计入资产负债表。 （分数：3.00）A.正确B.错误20.直接标价法是以一定单位的本国货币为标准来计算应支付多少单位的外国货币。人民币、欧元和英镑采用的是直接标价法。 （分数：3.0

5、0）A.正确B.错误四、简答题(总题数：4，分数：28.00)21.试述造成国际商务不同于国内商务的主要原因。 （分数：7.00）_22.请通过做图比较和描述供给曲线和需求曲线受关税壁垒和非关税壁垒中的配额政策影响所发生的变化特点，解释两种贸易措施对生产商和消费者所造成的影响方式和特点。 （分数：7.00）_23.请比较外国债券、欧洲债券和全球债券的区别。 （分数：7.00）_24.预测未来汇率变化时，应该注意哪些重要因素?请简要说明。 （分数：7.00）_五、案例分析(总题数：2，分数：42.00)25.阅读案例并根据案例内容分析沃尔玛在墨西哥的成功与北美自由贸易协定、沃尔玛自己的经营策略的

6、关系。 沃尔玛在墨西哥的经营沃尔玛在墨西哥经营的门店总数有 671 家，包括山姆会员商店、Bodega 商店(折扣商店)、沃尔玛购物中心、Superama 商店(杂货店)、Suburbia 商店(服装店)和 VIPS 餐馆。沃尔玛在北美自由贸易协定签订之前就开始涉足墨西哥市场，但是遇到了不少困难。最大的难题之一就是墨西哥对在沃尔玛商铺中销售的很多商品都征收进口税，这就使得沃尔玛很难实现“天天低价”的营销策略。由于不清楚当地的需求，沃尔玛的货架上堆满了溜冰鞋、渔具和乘骑式草坪割草机等在墨西哥根本不受欢迎的商品。当地的店铺经理也未意识到这一点，而是将其全部打折出售，结果使沃尔玛的自动定货系统在第一

7、批商品卖出去之后又接着续订这些商品。另外，由于墨西哥的公路状况很差以及运货卡车的缺乏，物流供应也遇到了麻烦。不仅如此，来自阿肯色州的管理人员与当地经理之间还发生文化冲突的问题。其中的部分难题是通过实践摸索逐步得到了解决，而大部分难题还是在 1994 年北美自由贸易协定实施后得到了彻底的解决。在这其中，北美自由贸易协定将美国销往墨西哥产品的出口关税从 10%降低到了 3%。在北美自由贸易协定签订之前，沃尔玛对墨西哥的 Comerci、Gigante 和 Soriana 等一些顶尖的零售商还构不成大的威胁，但是随着北美自由贸易协定的签订，贸易壁垒不复存在。沃尔玛跟墨西哥的那些企业拥有了同等的地位，

8、拥有了成为墨西哥最大的零售商的所有条件。 北美自由贸易协定还促使墨西哥改善了运输条件，这就使沃尔玛得以解决物流问题。北美自由贸易协定的签署还为外国向墨西哥投资打开了大门。沃尔玛从亚洲和欧洲等地进口商品时要缴纳大额进口税。外国企业意识到如果在墨西哥建立制造工厂，除了可以享受在北美自由贸易区内像墨西哥、美国和加拿大免税的货运好处，还可以利用成本较低的墨西哥劳动力来降低生产成本。由于这些企业开始在墨西哥投资建厂，沃尔玛也就可以直接从当地生产商那里购买商品而不需再缴纳高额进口税。索尼在墨西哥建设的 Wega 平板电视生产线，就是一个例子。沃尔玛的山姆会员商店从日本进口 Wega 电视机的进口关税是 2

9、3%，外加巨大的运输成本，这样一台 Wega 电视机在沃尔玛会员店的售价就达到了 1600 美元。1999 年，索尼在墨西哥建立了一家生产工厂，这样沃尔玛的山姆会员店就可以直接从索尼的墨西哥工厂中购买 Wega 电视机而不用再缴纳进口税，同时，也大大减少了运输费用。山姆会员店将成本减少的好处转移给了消费者，每台 Wega 电视机的售价仅为 600 美元。 北美自由贸易协定所提供的有利条件，如较低的关税和基础设施改进，不仅仅是帮助了沃尔玛，也帮助了它的竞争对手，比如 Comerci。然而，沃尔玛比他们更擅长利用这些优势条件。沃尔玛不是简单地享受低关税带来的收益，而是采取降低产品价格的策略。199

10、9 年，一家沃尔玛购物中心停业一天，然后将 6000多种商品全部打折出售，折扣高达 14%。Comerci 和其他企业为了与沃尔玛竞争也采取降价策略，但是在许多商品上他们无法将价格降到沃尔玛的水平。沃尔玛对自己的供应商具有获得优惠价格的谈判控制能力。大多数墨西哥零售商采取的是不同的定价方式，他们习惯于采取所谓的“有高有低”的定价策略，将部分商品降价或打折出售，而不是全面降低商品价格。虽然他们也一直在努力调整定价结构以适应沃尔玛的策略，但是沃尔玛持续不断地消减成本，使得他们总是力不从心。墨西哥国内的竞争者以及部分供应商都对沃尔玛很恼火，不断向墨西哥联邦竞争委员会指控沃尔玛的定价策略为不正当行为。

11、 （分数：21.00）_阅读下列的经济信息内容，并根据提问进行分析。 10 月 20 日，美国进口商与英国出口商签订合同，进口价值 125 万英镑的货物，约定 6 个月以后付款提货。签订合约日现汇市场上英镑汇率是 GBP1=USD1.6200。为预防汇兑成本上升，美国进口商可以买进价格为GBP1=USD1.6300 的英镑期货合约(IMM 每份英镑期货合约价值 62500 英镑)。在合约到期时可能出现两种情况：一是外汇市场和期货市场上英镑汇率都上升，分别升至 GBP1=USD1.6325 和 GBP1=USD1.6425。 问题：（分数：21.00）(1).现在支付 200 万欧元需要多少美元

12、?（分数：5.25）_(2).若美国进口商不采取保值措施，损失或收益是多少美元?（分数：5.25）_(3).美国进口商利用远期外汇市场进行保值后，损失或收益各是多少?（分数：5.25）_(4).为了避免汇率风险带来的损失，跨国企业的汇率风险管理应包括哪些内容?（分数：5.25）_六、第二部分(总题数：1，分数：30.00)What are Samsonite“ s Global Manufacturing Configuration Strategies for Softside Luggage? Background information about Samsonite Corporati

13、on Samsonite Corporation“s Business Description Samsonite Corporation, incorporated in 1987, is a designer and distributor in the luggage industry. The Company distributes a range of products that include softside, hardside and hybrid (combination hardside and softside)luggage; business and computer

14、 bags; outdoor and casual bags; shoes and accessories, and other related products, It sells its products under a number of brand names, primarily Samsonite Black Label, Samsonite and American Tourister, and licensed brand names, such as Lacoste. (1) In addition to using the Samsonite and American To

15、urister brand names on the products it manufactures or distributes, the Company licenses these brand names to third parties for use on products that include travel accessories, leather goods, furniture and other products. The Company“s products are sold in more than 100 countries at various types of

16、 retail establishments, including department stores, high street shops and luggage specialty stores, mass merchants, warehouse clubs, computer and electronic superstores, office superstores, bookstores, and travel product stores. It also sells certain products through over 300 Samsonite-operated ret

17、ail stores in North America, Europe, Asia and Latin America, and in shop-in-shop concessions principally in Asia and in franchised retail stores. In addition, its products are sold through www.samsonitecompanystores, corn, www.sarnsoniteblacklabel, corn and the Websites of many of its customers. The

18、 Company designs the majority of its luggage products at its facilities in Europe, North America and Asia. (2) Sales in Europe, North America, and in its other markets, including Asia and Latin America comprised 41.9%, 35.3%, and 21.6% ofits net sales, respectively, during the fiscal year ended Janu

19、ary 31, 2007 (fiscal 2007). Licensing revenues comprised the remaining 1.7% of total revenues in fiscal 2007. Softside luggage and Hardside luggage The softside luggage category includes suitcases, garment bags and soft carry-on suitcases. (3) Approximately 90% of the softside luggage the Company se

20、lls is made for it by independent finished goods suppliers located around the world. The Company produces the balance of its softside luggage and garment bags in its own facilities located in Eastern Europe. The Company“s softside products are sold under all of its major brands. Over the past few ye

21、ars, Samsonite has introduced a number of features in its softside luggage products in response to consumer demands for increased ease of use and better interior organization, mobility and protection. The Company manufactures most of its hardside suitcases in Company-owned factories. Its hardside lu

22、ggage is sold under the Samsonite, Samsonite Black Label and American Tourister brands. Each line includes a variety of sizes and styles to suit differing travel requirements. Its hardsidp suitcases include features to facilitate packing and transport. Locations of 27 Samsonite Owned Subsidiaries Lo

23、cation Company Number Location Company Number United States Thailand Japan Bahamas Canada Spain France Netherlands 9 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Belgium Mexcio Sweden Peru Italy Germany Hungary United Kingdom 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 Manufacturing Configuration (4) There are three basic configurations that Muhinational En

24、terprises (MNEs) consider as they establish a global manufacturing strategy. The first type is to have centralized manufactuning in one country and to produce and export a selection of standard, overpriced products to different markets. This is quite common for new-to-export companies to use this st

25、rategy, typically through their home-country manufacturing facilities. The second configuration type is the use of regional manufacturing facilities to produce and supply the products within these, regions, (5) The third type is to adopt multidomestic strategy by setting up country-specific manufact

26、uring facilities to service local customers. In reality, MNEs choose a combination of these approaches depending on their product strategies.（分数：30.00）(1).Question business and computer bags; outdoor and casual bags; shoes and accessories, and other related products, It sells its products under a nu

27、mber of brand names, primarily Samsonite Black Label, Samsonite and American Tourister, and licensed brand names, such as Lacoste. (1) In addition to using the Samsonite and American Tourister brand names on the products it manufactures or distributes, the Company licenses these brand names to third

28、 parties for use on products that include travel accessories, leather goods, furniture and other products. The Company“s products are sold in more than 100 countries at various types of retail establishments, including department stores, high street shops and luggage specialty stores, mass merchants

29、, warehouse clubs, computer and electronic superstores, office superstores, bookstores, and travel product stores. It also sells certain products through over 300 Samsonite-operated retail stores in North America, Europe, Asia and Latin America, and in shop-in-shop concessions principally in Asia an

30、d in franchised retail stores. In addition, its products are sold through www.samsonitecompanystores, corn, www.sarnsoniteblacklabel, corn and the Websites of many of its customers. The Company designs the majority of its luggage products at its facilities in Europe, North America and Asia. (2) Sale

31、s in Europe, North America, and in its other markets, including Asia and Latin America comprised 41.9%, 35.3%, and 21.6% ofits net sales, respectively, during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2007 (fiscal 2007). Licensing revenues comprised the remaining 1.7% of total revenues in fiscal 2007. Softs

32、ide luggage and Hardside luggage The softside luggage category includes suitcases, garment bags and soft carry-on suitcases. (3) Approximately 90% of the softside luggage the Company sells is made for it by independent finished goods suppliers located around the world. The Company produces the balan

33、ce of its softside luggage and garment bags in its own facilities located in Eastern Europe. The Company“s softside products are sold under all of its major brands. Over the past few years, Samsonite has introduced a number of features in its softside luggage products in response to consumer demands

34、 for increased ease of use and better interior organization, mobility and protection. The Company manufactures most of its hardside suitcases in Company-owned factories. Its hardside luggage is sold under the Samsonite, Samsonite Black Label and American Tourister brands. Each line includes a variet

35、y of sizes and styles to suit differing travel requirements. Its hardsidp suitcases include features to facilitate packing and transport. Locations of 27 Samsonite Owned Subsidiaries Location Company Number Location Company Number United States Thailand Japan Bahamas Canada Spa9 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Belgiu

36、m Mexcio Sweden Peru Italy Germany Hun1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 in France Netherlands gary United Kingdom Manufacturing Configuration (4) There are three basic configurations that Muhinational Enterprises (MNEs) consider as they establish a global manufacturing strategy. The first type is to have centralized

37、manufactuning in one country and to produce and export a selection of standard, overpriced products to different markets. This is quite common for new-to-export companies to use this strategy, typically through their home-country manufacturing facilities. The second configuration type is the use of

38、regional manufacturing facilities to produce and supply the products within these, regions, (5) The third type is to adopt multidomestic strategy by setting up country-specific manufacturing facilities to service local customers. In reality, MNEs choose a combination of these approaches depending on

39、 their product strategies.（分数：30.00）(1).Question & Answer: What are the strategies that Samonite has adopted for sofiside luggage? Please find the proofs and evidence from the passages and analyse the strategies of manufacturing configuration adopted by Samsonite.（分数：15.00）_正确答案：()解析：(1) Most of the

40、 softside luggage is made by independent suppliers located around the world. The Company produces the balance of its softside luggage and garment bags in its own facilities located in Eastern Europe. The Company“s softside products are sold under all of its major brands. Over the past few years, Sam

41、sonite has introduced a number of features in its softside luggage products in response to consumer demands for increased ease of use and better interior organization, mobility and protection. (2) There are three basic configurations that Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) consider as they establish a

42、 global manufacturing strategy. The first type is to have centralized manufacturing in one country and to produce and export a selection of standard, overpriced products to different markets. The second configuration type is the use of regional manufacturing facilities to produce and supply the prod

43、ucts within these regions. The third type is to adopt multidomestic strategy by setting up country-specific manufacturing facilities to service local customers. In reality, MNEs choose a combination of these approaches depending on their product strategies. (3) The first method can make use of the a

44、dvanced production equipment and design concepts to prevent technology spillover but the country may has higher labor or materials price which increases the cost, and it also may be limited by the importing country tariffs and other trade barriers. The second way can make full use of the local cheap labor and raw mater