ISO IEC 23270-2006 Information technology - Programming languages - C Sharp《信息技术 程序语言 C Sharp》.pdf
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1、 Reference number ISO/IEC 23270:2006(E) ISO/IEC 2006INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 23270 Second edition 2006-09-01 Information technology Programming languages C# Technologies de linformation Langages de programmation C# ISO/IEC 23270:2006(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefac
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4、ed for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, n
5、o part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case post
6、ale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reservedISO/IEC 23270:2006(E) ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved iii Table of Contents Foreword xv Introduction xvi 1. Scope . 1 2. Conforma
7、nce . 3 3. Normative references 5 4. Terms and definitions 7 5. Notational conventions 9 6. Acronyms and abbreviations . 11 7. General description. 13 8. Language overview 15 8.1 Getting started . 15 8.2 Types. 16 8.2.1 Predefined types. 17 8.2.2 Conversions 19 8.2.3 Array types. 20 8.2.4 Type syste
8、m unification . 22 8.3 Variables and parameters 22 8.4 Automatic memory management 25 8.5 Expressions . 27 8.6 Statements . 28 8.7 Classes. 31 8.7.1 Constants 33 8.7.2 Fields 33 8.7.3 Methods 34 8.7.4 Properties . 35 8.7.5 Events. 36 8.7.6 Operators 37 8.7.7 Indexers 38 8.7.8 Instance constructors 3
9、9 8.7.9 Finalizers 40 8.7.10 Static constructors 40 8.7.11 Inheritance 41 8.7.12 Static classes 42 8.7.13 Partial type declarations . 42 8.8 Structs 43 8.9 Interfaces . 44 8.10 Delegates . 45 8.11 Enums 46 8.12 Namespaces and assemblies 46 8.13 Versioning . 48 8.14 Extern aliases. 49 8.15 Attributes
10、. 51 8.16 Generics. 52 ISO/IEC 23270:2006(E) i v ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved 8.16.1 Why generics? 52 8.16.2 Creating and consuming generics 53 8.16.3 Multiple type parameters 54 8.16.4 Constraints . 54 8.16.5 Generic methods 56 8.17 Anonymous methods. 56 8.18 Iterators . 59 8.19 Nullable types
11、62 9. Lexical structure 65 9.1 Programs . 65 9.2 Grammars 65 9.2.1 Lexical grammar 65 9.2.2 Syntactic grammar . 65 9.2.3 Grammar ambiguities. 66 9.3 Lexical analysis. 66 9.3.1 Line terminators . 67 9.3.2 Comments 67 9.3.3 White space 69 9.4 Tokens. 69 9.4.1 Unicode escape sequences . 69 9.4.2 Identi
12、fiers . 70 9.4.3 Keywords . 71 9.4.4 Literals . 72 9.4.4.1 Boolean literals 72 9.4.4.2 Integer literals 72 9.4.4.3 Real literals 73 9.4.4.4 Character literals . 74 9.4.4.5 String literals . 75 9.4.4.6 The null literal. 76 9.4.5 Operators and punctuators 77 9.5 Pre-processing directives. 77 9.5.1 Con
13、ditional compilation symbols 78 9.5.2 Pre-processing expressions 78 9.5.3 Declaration directives. 79 9.5.4 Conditional compilation directives 80 9.5.5 Diagnostic directives 82 9.5.6 Region control 83 9.5.7 Line directives 83 9.5.8 Pragma directives. 84 10. Basic concepts 85 10.1 Application startup
14、85 10.2 Application termination. 86 10.3 Declarations. 86 10.4 Members 89 10.4.1 Namespace members 89 10.4.2 Struct members 89 10.4.3 Enumeration members . 89 10.4.4 Class members . 89 10.4.5 Interface members 90 10.4.6 Array members. 90 10.4.7 Delegate members 90 10.5 Member access 90 10.5.1 Declar
15、ed accessibility. 90 ISO/IEC 23270:2006(E) ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved v 10.5.2 Accessibility domains 91 10.5.3 Protected access for instance members 93 10.5.4 Accessibility constraints. 94 10.6 Signatures and overloading . 95 10.7 Scopes . 96 10.7.1 Name hiding. 98 10.7.1.1 Hiding through nest
16、ing 98 10.7.1.2 Hiding through inheritance 99 10.8 Namespace and type names. 100 10.8.1 Unqualified name. 102 10.8.2 Fully qualified names. 102 10.9 Automatic memory management 103 10.10 Execution order . 105 11. Types 107 11.1 Value types 107 11.1.1 The System.ValueType type 108 11.1.2 Default cons
17、tructors . 108 11.1.3 Struct types. 109 11.1.4 Simple types. 109 11.1.5 Integral types 110 11.1.6 Floating point types 111 11.1.7 The decimal type 111 11.1.8 The bool type . 112 11.1.9 Enumeration types 112 11.2 Reference types . 112 11.2.1 Class types 113 11.2.2 The object type. 113 11.2.3 The stri
18、ng type . 113 11.2.4 Interface types 113 11.2.5 Array types. 114 11.2.6 Delegate types 114 11.2.7 The null type 114 11.3 Boxing and unboxing 114 11.3.1 Boxing conversions 114 11.3.2 Unboxing conversions 115 11.4 Nullable types 116 11.4.1 Members. 116 11.4.2 Implemented interfaces 117 12. Variables 1
19、19 12.1 Variable categories 119 12.1.1 Static variables . 119 12.1.2 Instance variables. 119 12.1.2.1 Instance variables in classes 119 12.1.2.2 Instance variables in structs. 120 12.1.3 Array elements . 120 12.1.4 Value parameters 120 12.1.5 Reference parameters. 120 12.1.6 Output parameters 120 12
20、.1.7 Local variables . 121 12.2 Default values 121 12.3 Definite assignment. 122 12.3.1 Initially assigned variables. 123 12.3.2 Initially unassigned variables. 123 ISO/IEC 23270:2006(E) v i ISO/IEC 2006 All rights reserved 12.3.3 Precise rules for determining definite assignment . 123 12.3.3.1 Gene
21、ral rules for statements 124 12.3.3.2 Block statements, checked, and unchecked statements. 124 12.3.3.3 Expression statements . 124 12.3.3.4 Declaration statements 124 12.3.3.5 If statements 124 12.3.3.6 Switch statements 125 12.3.3.7 While statements . 125 12.3.3.8 Do statements 125 12.3.3.9 For st
22、atements . 125 12.3.3.10 Break, continue, and goto statements 126 12.3.3.11 Throw statements 126 12.3.3.12 Return statements 126 12.3.3.13 Try-catch statements . 126 12.3.3.14 Try-finally statements . 127 12.3.3.15 Try-catch-finally statements 127 12.3.3.16 Foreach statements 128 12.3.3.17 Using sta
23、tements . 128 12.3.3.18 Lock statements. 128 12.3.3.19 General rules for simple expressions 128 12.3.3.20 General rules for expressions with embedded expressions . 129 12.3.3.21 Invocation expressions and object creation expressions . 129 12.3.3.22 Simple assignment expressions. 129 12.3.3.23 & expr
24、essions. 130 12.3.3.24 | expressions 131 12.3.3.25 ! expressions 131 12.3.3.26 ?: expressions 132 12.3.3.27 Anonymous method expressions. 132 12.3.3.28 Yield statements 133 12.3.3.29 ? expressions 133 12.4 Variable references 133 12.5 Atomicity of variable references . 133 13. Conversions 135 13.1 I
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