ACI 363 2R-2011 Guide to Quality Control and Assurance of High-Strength Concrete.pdf

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1、ACI 363.2R-11Reported by ACI Committee 363Guide to Quality Controland Assuranceof High-Strength ConcreteGuide to Quality Control and Assurance of High-Strength ConcreteFirst PrintingJuly 2011ISBN 978-0-87031-703-3American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concre

2、te Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This materialmay not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or otherdistribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee rep

3、orts and standards strive to avoid ambiguities,omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionallyfind information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may beincomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions

4、 for the improvement of ACI documents arerequested to contact ACI via the errata website at www.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp. Properuse of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals w

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10、tacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 363.2R-11 supersedes ACI

11、363.2R-98 and was adopted and published July 2011.Copyright 2011, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral,

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13、nspecting construction. This document is intended for theuse of individuals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendationsand who will accept responsibility for the application of thematerial it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaimsany

14、and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Instituteshall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents,

15、theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Guide to Quality Control and Assuranceof High-Strength ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 363ACI 363.2R-11High-strength concrete (HSC) has emerged as a viable material to use asan alternative to conventional normal

16、-strength concrete in infrastructuresystems to reduce member cross section, extend member span length,reduce the number of system members, or enhance system sustainability.This guide offers general information on the quality control and testing ofHSC. Recommendations are based on the current state o

17、f knowledgegained from worldwide experimental research, analytical work, and fieldapplications of HSC systems used in concrete structures.Keywords: acceptance criteria; compressive strength; concrete placement;creep; curing; delivery; modulus of elasticity; sampling; shrinkage; statisticalconcepts;

18、strength evaluation; testing; trial batching; quality assurance;quality control.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 21.1Introduction1.2ScopeChapter 2Notation and definitions, p. 22.1Notation2.2DefinitionsChapter 3Planning, p. 33.1Introduction3.2Preconstruction meeting3.3Trial batches3.4Prequ

19、alification of concrete suppliers and precon-struction testingChapter 4Quality assurance and quality control, p. 64.1IntroductionRonald G. Burg*Neil. P. Guptill Mark D. Luther Bryce P. Simons*Michael A. Calderone*William M. Hale Barney T. Martin Jr. Robert C. SinnJames E. Cook*Jerry S. Haught Charle

20、s K. Nmai*Konstantin SobolevDaniel Cusson Tarif M. Jaber Clifford R. Ohlwiler Houssam A. ToutanjiPer Fidjestol Daniel C. Jansen Michael F. Pistilli*Dean J. White IISeamus F. Freyne Anthony N. Kojundic Henry G. Russell*John T. Wolsiefer Sr.Brian C. Gerber Federico Lopez Flores Michael T. Russell*Paul

21、 ZiaShawn P. Gross*Mauricio Lopez Ava ShypulaConsulting membersAntoine E. Naaman Adel R. ZakiLuc R. Taerwe*Committee members who prepared this guide.John J. Myers*Chair2 GUIDE TO QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE OF HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE (ACI 363.2R-11)American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialww

22、w.concrete.org4.2Concrete plant4.3Delivery4.4Placing4.5CuringChapter 5Testing, p. 85.1Introduction5.2Background5.3Sampling5.4Frequency of testing5.5Compressive strength specimens5.6Modulus of elasticity5.7Shrinkage and creep5.8Prequalification of testing laboratoriesChapter 6Evaluation of compressiv

23、e strength test results, p. 166.1Statistical concepts6.2Strength evaluationChapter 7References, p. 177.1Referenced standards and reports7.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThe cement and concrete industrys interest in high-strength concrete prompted the American Concrete

24、 Instituteto form ACI Committee 363 in 1979. The mission of thecommittee was to study and report information on high-strength concrete (HSC). HSC is considered one type ofhigh-performance concrete (HPC) that is most often specifiedfor enhanced strength characteristics, although may also bespecified

25、for its improved durability. ACI 363R was the firstdocument produced by this committee in 1984, andcontained significant information regarding material selec-tion, mixing and placing, inspection and testing, physicalproperties, structural design, economics, and examples ofapplications.This guide is

26、an extension of ACI 363R and presentsguidelines to facilitate the proper evaluation of HSC throughcorrect quality control (QC) and testing. HSCs may beproduced with innovative materials and procedures notcovered in this guide. This guide is not intended to restrictthe use of new or innovative QC pra

27、ctices or testing methodsas they become available or necessary. The user is cautionedthat this guide is for general usage only, and individualprojects may require additional QC and testing effort.1.2ScopeThis guide discusses QC and testing practices of HSC. HSCusually is associated with structures t

28、hat have been optimizedfor performance. Therefore, a high degree of confidence inconcrete quality should be achieved through the inspectionand testing process. This process can be conducted by theproducer and contractor as QC and by the owner or the ownersrepresentative as quality assurance (QA). Th

29、ose involved inQC and testing need to know the unique characteristics of HSCto better assist the architect/engineer in evaluating thestructures potential performance.Concrete with a specified compressive strength of 10,000 psi(70 MPa) can be produced from local aggregates in all areasof the U.S. and

30、 Canada. When the specified strengthsubstantially exceeds that produced previously in a particularmarket area, special measures are necessary to make asuccessful progression to the use of the higher-strengthconcrete. This guide details those measures.Because the definition of HSC has changed over th

31、e years,ACI Committee 363 defined a range of concrete strengths forits activities, as explained in ACI 363R. For the purpose of thisguide, HSC is defined as having a specified compressivestrength of 8000 psi (55 MPa) or greater, and it does notinclude polymer-impregnated concrete, epoxy concrete, or

32、concrete made with artificial normalweight and heavyweightaggregates. Changes in material properties, production andinspection techniques, or testing methods occur continuouslyfrom lower-strength to higher-strength concretes. Experienceshows that in most cases, the special measures recommendedin thi

33、s guide should be applied for concrete with compressivestrength greater than approximately 8000 psi (55 MPa).CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1Notationfc = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi(MPa)2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions throughan online resource,

34、“ACI Concrete Terminology,” athttp:/terminology.concrete.org. Definitions provided hereincomplement that resource.concrete, high-strength (HSC)concrete that has aspecified compressive strength of 8000 psi (55 MPa) or greater.quality assurance (QA)actions taken by an organizationto provide and docume

35、nt assurance that what is being done andwhat is being provided are in accordance with the contractdocuments and standards of good practice for the work.quality control (QC)actions taken by an organizationto provide control and documentation over what is beingdone and what is being provided so that t

36、he applicable standardof good practice and the contract documents for the work arefollowed.self-consolidating concrete (SCC)is highly flowable,nonsegregating concrete that can spread into place, fill theformwork, and encapsulate the reinforcement without anymechanical consolidation. In general, SCC

37、is concrete madewith conventional concrete materials and, in some cases, witha viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA). SCC has also beendescribed as self-compacting concrete, self-placing concrete,and self-leveling concrete, which all are subsets of SCC.water-cementitious material ratio (w/cm)the ratio

38、 ofthe mass of water, excluding that absorbed by the aggregate,to the mass of cementitious material in a mixture, stated as adecimal.GUIDE TO QUALITY CONTROL AND ASSURANCE OF HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE (ACI 363.2R-11) 3American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.orgCHAPTER 3PLANNING3.1I

39、ntroductionQC and testing of HSC is more critical than it is fornormal-strength concrete because seemingly minor deviationsfrom specified requirements can result in major deficiencies inquality or test results. For example, it is well-documented(Carino et al. 1994) that compressive-strength test res

40、ults aremore sensitive to testing conditions as the strength of theconcrete increases.The quality of HSC is controlled by the quality anduniformity of the ingredients, and by the mixing, placing,and curing conditions. A high level of QC is very importantfor those involved in the production, testing,

41、 transportation,placing, and curing of the concrete. Careful consideration ofplacing restrictions, workability, difficulties during transpor-tation, field curing requirements, and the inspection andtesting process is required. Thorough planning and team-work by the inspector, contractor, architect/e

42、ngineer, producer,and owner are essential for the successful use of HSC.This chapter reviews critical activities before the start ofconstruction. A preconstruction meeting is very important toclarify the roles of the members of the construction team andreview the planned QC and testing program. Spec

43、ialattention is required during the trial-batch phase to assurethat selected mixtures will perform as required under fieldconditions. Planning for inspection and testing of HSCinvolves giving attention to personnel requirements,equipment needs, test methods, and the preparation andhandling of test s

44、pecimens. Additional general informationon the inspection of concrete is contained in ACI 311.4R.3.2Preconstruction meetingSmall variations in mixture proportions and deviationsfrom standard testing practices can have greater adverseeffects on the strength of HSC than on normal-strengthconcrete. The

45、refore, project participants should meet beforeconstruction to clarify contract requirements, discussplanned placing conditions and procedures, and review theplanned inspection and testing programs of the various parties.The effects of time, temperature, placing, consolidation, andcuring should be r

46、eviewed. Acceptance criteria for standard-cured test specimens, in-place tests, and core test resultsshould be established. The capabilities and qualifications ofthe contractors work force, the inspection staff, and thetesting and batching facilities should also be reviewed.The preconstruction meeti

47、ng should establish lines ofcommunication and identify responsibilities. It is especiallyimportant to review the procedures the inspector will followwhen noncompliance with contract requirements is found orsuspected. Such advance understanding minimizes futuredisputes and allows members of the const

48、ruction team toparticipate in the quality process. Timely and accuratereporting is important. Arrangements should be made todistribute inspection reports and test data as soon as possible.Trial production batches should have established a workablemixture, but it may be necessary to make adjustments

49、due tosite conditions such as changing weather. Because HSCrelies on a low water-cementitious material ratio (w/cm) forstrength potential, responsibility for field addition of waterand admixtures should be discussed and defined clearly. Theready mixed concrete producer is essential to that discussionbecause the producer is familiar with and responsible for theproduct. Individuals should be identified, such as theconcrete suppliers QC personnel, who will have the authorityto add admixtures or water at the site. For verification that thec