ACI 302 1R-2015 Guide to Concrete Floor and Slab Construction.pdf

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1、Guide to Concrete Floor and Slab ConstructionReported by ACI Committee 302ACI 302.1R-15First PrintingJune 2015ISBN: 978-1-942727-25-5Guide to Concrete Floor and Slab ConstructionCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduc

2、ed or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents

3、. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata web

4、site at http:/concrete.org/Publications/DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its c

5、ontent and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publication is provid

6、ed “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidenta

7、l, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use.

8、ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, Uni

9、ted States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the standards

10、that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (

11、MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgThe quality of a concrete floor or slab is highly dependent on achieving a hard and durable surface that is flat, relatively free of cracks, and at the proper g

12、rade and elevation. Properties of the surface are determined by the mixture proportions and the quality of the concreting and jointing operations. The timing of concreting operationsespecially finishing, jointing, and curingis critical. Failure to address this issue can contribute to undesirable cha

13、r-acteristics in the wearing surface such as cracking, low resistance to wear, dusting, scaling, high or low spots, poor drainage, and increasing the potential for curling.Concrete floor slabs employing portland cement, regardless of slump, will start to experience a reduction in volume as soon as t

14、hey are placed. This phenomenon will continue as long as any water, heat, or both, is being released to the surroundings. More-over, because the drying and cooling rates at the top and bottom of the slab are not the same, the shrinkage will vary throughout the depth, causing the as-cast shape to be

15、distorted and reduced in volume.This guide contains recommendations for controlling random cracking and edge curling caused by the concretes normal volume change. Application of present technology permits only a reduc-tion in cracking and curling, not elimination. Even with the best floor designs an

16、d proper construction, it is unrealistic to expect completely crack- and curl-free floors. Consequently, every owner should be advised by both the designer and contractor that it is completely normal to expect some amount of cracking and curling on every project, and that such an occurrence does not

17、 necessarily reflect adversely on either the adequacy of the floors design or the quality of its construction (Ytterberg 1987).This guide describes how to produce high-quality concrete slabs-on-ground and suspended floors for various classes of service. It emphasizes such aspects of construction as

18、site preparation, concrete materials, concrete mixture proportions, concrete work-manship, joint construction, load transfer across joints, form strip-ping procedures, finishing methods, and curing. Flatness/levelness requirements and measurements are outlined. A thorough precon-struction meeting is

19、 critical to facilitate communication among key participants and to clearly establish expectations and procedures that will be employed during construction to achieve the floor qual-ities required by the project specifications. Adequate supervision and inspection are required for job operations, par

20、ticularly those of finishing.Keywords: admixture; aggregate; consolidation; contract documents; curing; curling; deflection; durability; form; fracture; joint; mixture propor-tioning; placing; quality control; slab-on-ground; slabs; slump test.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION, p. 31.1Purpose, p. 31.2Sc

21、ope, p. 3CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS, p. 3CHAPTER 3PREBID AND PRECONSTRUCTION MEETINGS, p. 33.1Prebid meeting, p. 33.2Preconstruction meeting, p. 3Joseph F. Neuber Jr., ChairPatrick J. Harrison, Vice ChairRussell E. Neudeck, SecretaryACI 302.1R-15Guide to Concrete Floor and Slab ConstructionReported by Com

22、mittee 302Dennis C. AhalBryan M. BirdwellPeter A. CraigAllen FaceC. Rick FelderEdward B. FinkelBarry E. ForemanGreg K. FricksTerry J. FricksJerry A. HollandPhilip S. KopfSteve R. Lloyd, Sr.Kevin A. MacDonaldArthur W. McKinneyDonald M. McPheeScott C. MetzgerJeffrey S. MillerScott L. NiemitaloNigel K.

23、 ParkesWilliam S. PhelanTim H. RobinsonJohn W. RohrerPaul A. Rouis, IIIDomenick Thomas RutturaBruce A. SuprenantScott M. TarrConsulting MembersCarl Bimel*Michael A. ClarkWilliam C. PanareseBrian J. PashinaBoyd C. Ringo*DeceasedACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance

24、 in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the informa-tion it contai

25、ns. ACI disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising there from.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/ Engineer to be a part

26、of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 302.1R-15 supersedes ACI 302.1R-04 and was adopted and published June 2015.Copyright 2015, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use

27、in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from

28、the copyright proprietors.1CHAPTER 4CLASSES OF FLOORS, p. 44.1Classification of floors, p. 44.2Single-course monolithic floors: Classes 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6, p. 44.3Two-course floors: Classes 3, 7, and 8, p. 44.4Class 9 floors, p. 64.5Special finish floors, p. 6CHAPTER 5DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, p. 65.1Sc

29、ope, p. 65.2Slabs-on-ground, p. 65.3Suspended slabs, p. 115.4Miscellaneous details, p. 13CHAPTER 6SITE PREPARATION AND PLACING ENVIRONMENT, p. 146.1Soil-support system preparation, p. 146.2Suspended slabs, p. 166.3Bulkheads, p. 166.4Setting screed guides, p. 166.5Installation of auxiliary materials,

30、 p. 166.6Concrete placement conditions, p. 16CHAPTER 7ASSOCIATED MATERIALS, p. 177.1Introduction, p. 177.2Reinforcement, p. 177.3Special-purpose aggregates, p. 187.4Monomolecular films, p. 187.5Curing materials, p. 187.6Gloss-imparting waxes, p. 197.7Liquid surface treatments, p. 197.8Joint material

31、s, p. 207.9Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), p. 20CHAPTER 8CONCRETE MATERIALS AND MIXTURE PROPORTIONING, p. 208.1Introduction, p. 208.2Concrete, p. 208.3Concrete properties, p. 208.4Recommended concrete mixture, p. 218.5Aggregates, p. 238.6Portland cement, p. 248.7Water, p. 258.8Admixtures, p. 258.

32、9Concrete mixture analysis, p. 27CHAPTER 9BATCHING, MIXING, AND TRANSPORTING, p. 319.1Batching, p. 319.2Mixing, p. 329.3Transporting, p. 32CHAPTER 10PLACING, CONSOLIDATING, AND FINISHING, p. 3310.1Placing operations, p. 3310.2Tools for spreading, consolidating, and finishing, p. 3410.3Spreading, con

33、solidating, and finishing operations, p. 3710.4Finishing Class 1, 2, and 3 floors, p. 4410.5Finishing Class 4 and 5 floors, p. 4410.6Finishing Class 6 floors and monolithic-surface treatments for wear resistance, p. 4410.7Finishing Class 7 floors, p. 4610.8Finishing Class 8 floors (two-course unbond

34、ed), p. 4710.9Finishing Class 9 floors, p. 4710.10Toppings for precast floors, p. 4810.11Finishing lightweight concrete, p. 4810.12Nonslip floors, p. 5010.13Decorative and nonslip treatments, p. 5010.14Grinding as repair procedure, p. 5210.15Floor flatness and levelness, p. 5210.16Treatment when ble

35、eding is a problem, p. 5610.17Delays in cold-weather finishing, p. 57CHAPTER 11CURING, PROTECTION, AND JOINT FILLING, p. 5711.1Purpose of curing, p. 5711.2Methods of curing, p. 5711.3Curing at joints, p. 5811.4Curing special concrete, p. 5811.5Length of curing, p. 5911.6Preventing plastic shrinkage

36、cracking, p. 5911.7Curing after grinding, p. 5911.8Protection of slab during construction, p. 5911.9Temperature drawdown in cold storage and freezer rooms, p. 5911.10Joint filling and sealing, p. 60CHAPTER 12QUALITY CONTROL CHECKLIST, p. 6012.1Introduction, p. 6012.2Partial list of important items t

37、o be observed, p. 60CHAPTER 13CAUSES OF FLOOR AND SLAB SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS, p. 6113.1Introduction, p. 6113.2Random cracking, p. 6213.3Low wear resistance, p. 6513.4Dusting, p. 6513.5Scaling, p. 6613.6Popouts, p. 6713.7Blisters and delamination, p. 6813.8Spalling, p. 6913.9Discoloration, p. 7013.10

38、Low spots and poor drainage, p. 7113.11Slab edge curling, p. 7113.12Evaluation of slab surface imperfections, p. 73CHAPTER 14REFERENCES, p. 73Authored documents, p. 75American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 GUIDE TO CONCRETE FLOOR AND SLAB CONSTRUCTION (ACI 302.1R-15)CHAPT

39、ER 1INTRODUCTION1.1PurposeThis guide presents information relative to the construction of slab-on-ground and suspended-slab floors for industrial, commercial, and institutional buildings. It is applicable to the construction of normalweight and structural lightweight concrete floors and slabs made w

40、ith conventional portland and blended cements. This guide identifies the various classes of floors based on use, construction design details, necessary site preparation, concrete type, and other related materials. In general, characteristics of the concrete slab surface and joint performance have a

41、powerful impact on the serviceability of floors and other slabs. Because the eventual success of a concrete floor installation depends on the mixture proportions and floor finishing techniques used, considerable attention is given to critical aspects of achieving the desired finishes and the require

42、d floor surface tolerances.1.2ScopeThis guide emphasizes choosing and proportioning of materials, design details, proper construction methods, and workmanship. Slabs specifically intended for the containment of liquids are beyond the scope of this guide. Whereas this guide does provide a reasonable

43、overview of concrete floor construction, each project is unique and circumstances can dictate departures from the recommendations given in this guide. Contractors and suppliers should, therefore, thoroughly review contract documents before bid preparation (Chapter 3).CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONSACI provides

44、 a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/www.concrete.org/store/productdetail.aspx?ItemID=CT13. Definitions provided herein complement that resource.differential set timedifference in timing from initial introduction of water to concrete mixt

45、ure at batch plant to initial power floating.dry-shakedry mixture of hydraulic cement and fine aggregate (either mineral or metallic) that is distributed evenly over the surface of concrete flatwork and worked into the surface before time of final setting and then floated and troweled to desired fin

46、ish.mixture optimization indicatorintersection of the coarseness factor value and the workability factor on the coarseness factor chart.ruttingcreation of troughs in the soil support system in response to applied wheel loads.scorecreation of lines or notches in the surface of a concrete slab.soil pu

47、mpingvertical displacement and rebound of the soil support system in response to applied moving loads.water slumpmagnitude of slump, measured in accor -dance with ASTM C143/C143M, which is directly attributed to the amount of water in the concrete mixture.window of finishabilitytime period available

48、 for finishing operations after the concrete has been placed, consolidated, and struck-off, and before final troweling.workability factorpercentage of combined aggregate that passes the No. 8 (2.36 mm) sieve.CHAPTER 3PREBID AND PRECONSTRUCTION MEETINGS3.1Prebid meetingThe best forum for a thorough r

49、eview of contract documents before the bid preparation is a prebid meeting. This meeting offers bidders an opportunity to ask questions and to clarify their understanding of contract documents before submitting their bids. A prebid meeting also provides the owner and the owners slab designer an opportunity to clarify intent where documents are unclear and to respond to last-minute questions in a manner that provides bidders an opportunity to be equally responsive to the