ANSI AWS D17 3 D17 3M-2016 Specification for Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloys for Aerospace Applications (2nd Edition).pdf

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1、Specification forFriction StirWelding ofAluminum Alloysfor AerospaceApplicationsAWS D17.3/D17.3M:2016An American National StandardAWS D17.3/D17.3M:2016An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteSeptember 25, 2015Specification for Friction Stir Welding ofAluminum

2、 Alloys for Aerospace Applications2nd EditionSupersedes AWS D17.3/D17.3M:2010Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) D17 Committee on Welding in the Aircraft and Aerospace IndustriesUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis sp

3、ecification covers the general requirements for the friction stir welding of aluminum alloys for aerospace applications. It includes the requirements for weldment design, qualification of personnel and procedures, fabrication,and inspection.ISBN: 978-0-87171-870-9 2016 by American Welding SocietyAll

4、 rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Aut

5、horization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appro-priate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewoo

6、d Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400;Internet: .AWS D17.3/D17.3M:2016iiStatement on Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus stan

7、dards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmen

8、-tal bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standardsmust be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws andregulations. In all cases, these standards carry the fu

9、ll legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes theAWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS stan-dard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a

10、consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-ate, or verify t

11、he accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe-cial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from t

12、he publication, use of, or reliance onthis standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information publishedherein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any

13、 person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in

14、any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publication of amend-ments or errata, or supplemented by

15、 publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards includ-ing amendments, errata, and addenda is posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they havethe latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not authorize i

16、nfringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept anyand all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of anypatent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.AWS does not monitor, police, or e

17、nforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Wel

18、ding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex E).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of

19、this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS.

20、In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D17 Committee on Welding in the Aircraft and AerospaceIndustries. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it mus

21、t be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments(recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard arerequired and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWSD17 Committee on Welding in

22、 the Aircraft and Aerospace Industries and the author of the comments will be informed ofthe Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D17 Committee onWelding in the Aircraft and Aerospace Industries to express their comments verbally. Procedures for a

23、ppeal of an adversedecision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. Acopy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.AWS D17.3/D17.3M:2016iiiAWS D17.3/D17.3M:2016ivThis pag

24、e is intentionally blank.PersonnelAWS D17 Committee on Welding in the Aircraft and Aerospace IndustriesS. H. Murray, Chair NASAKennedy Space CenterG. W. Coleman, 1st Vice Chair The Boeing CompanyR. J. Ding, 2nd Vice Chair NASAMarshall Space Flight CenterP. E. Daum, 3rd Vice Chair Rolls-Royce Corpora

25、tionA. J. Naumann, Secretary American Welding SocietyJ. T. Amin Lockheed Martin Aeronautics CompanyR. P. Beil Northrop Grumman CorporationJ. J. Bernath RTI International Metals Inc.C. Carl NASAKennedy Space CenterJ. Carruth Lockheed Martin Missle therefore, each system must be used independently.1.3

26、 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not addressedherein. Safety and health information is available from the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes(2) AWS Safety an

27、d Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS website.Material or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturers.Applicable Regulatory AgenciesWork performed in accordance with this

28、standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous, andmay involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address all safetyand health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should establish an appropriate sa

29、fety program to address such risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered whendeveloping the safety program.2. Normative ReferencesThe following standards listed below contain provisions, which, through reference in this text, constitute mandatory pro-

30、visions of this AWS Standard. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For datedreferences, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.AIA/NAS document:1NAS 410, NAS Certification ASTM E 164, Standard Practice for Ultra

31、sonic Contact Examination of Weldments;ASTM E 1417, Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination;ASTM E 1742, Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination.AWS documents:4AWS A1.1, Metric Practice Guide for the Welding Industry;AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructiv

32、e Examination;AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing,Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying;AWS B5.1, Specification for the Qualification of Welding Inspectors;AWS QC1, Standard for AWS Certification of Welding Inspectors.3. Te

33、rms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing,Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying, provides the basis for terms and definitions used herein. However,the following terms and definitions are included below to accom

34、modate usage specific to this document.advancing side of weld. Side of the weld where the direction of tool rotation is the same as the direction of welding (seeFigure 3.1).angular distortion. Distortion between two welded pieces such that their surface planes are not parallel (see Figure 3.2).anvil

35、. Structure supporting the root side of the joint.axial force. Force applied to the workpiece along the axis of tool rotation (see Figure 3.1).bobbin tool. Nonstandard term for self-reacting tools.cavity. Void-type discontinuity within a solid-state weld (see Figure 3.3).complex weld joint. Continuo

36、us weld joint with variations in section thickness and/or tapered thickness transitions, perthe engineering drawing.conventional FSW. Friction stir weld using a fixed length probe where the axial force is reacted by an anvil.direction of tool rotation. Rotation as viewed from the spindle that is rot

37、ating the tool (see Figure 3.1).dwell time. The period of time the rotating shoulder(s) (once in full contact with the workpiece) remains stationary beforetravel begins.engineering drawing. Technical information, given on an information carrier, written and/or graphically presented inaccordance with

38、 agreed rules and usually to scale.Engineering Authority. Contracting agency or corporate organization that acts for and on behalf of the Customer on allmatters within the scope of this specification. The Engineering Authority has the responsibility for the structuralintegrity or maintenance of airw

39、orthiness of the hardware and compliance with all contract documents.AWS D17.3/D17.3M:20163exit hole. Hole remaining at the end of a weld after the withdrawal of the tool (see Figure 3.1).Fabricator. The organization responsible for producing weldments that satisfy the design and contract requiremen

40、ts.flash. Material expelled along the weld toe during FSW (see Figure 3.4).heel. Part of the tool shoulder that is at the rear of the tool relative to its forward motion (see Figure 3.5).heel plunge depth. Distance the heel extends into the workpiece (see Figure 3.5).hook. Faying surface that curves

41、 upward or downward along the side of the weld metal in a friction stir welded lap jointand is considered a discontinuity (see Figure 3.6).incomplete joint penetration. Discontinuity where the full thickness of the joint has not been welded (see Figure 3.7).joint gap. A nonstandard term for root ope

42、ning of a square groove joint.linear mismatch across joint. Misalignment between two welded pieces such that while their surface planes are paral-lel, they are not in the required plane (see Figure 3.8).machine stiffness. The ability of a machine to resist deflection when subjected to applied forces

43、.penetration ligament. The nominal distance between the anvil and the probe tip during welding (see Figure 3.1).pipe. Tube in standardized combination of outside diameter and wall thickness.NOTE: In this specification, the term pipe will be used for pipe and tube.plate. Rolled, extruded, cast, forge

44、d, or deposited products other than pipe in any thickness greater than 0.006 inches0.152 mm.NOTE: In this specification, the term plate is used to generally describe flat, non-round metal products other than pipe.plunge depth. Distance tool probe penetrates into the weld joint (see Figure 3.5).probe

45、. Part of the welding tool that extends into the workpiece to make the weld (see Figure 3.1).procedure qualification variable. Controllable detail, which, if changed beyond the limitations of the welding proce-dure specification, requires requalification of the WPS.Referencing Document. Fabrication

46、code, specification, contract document, or internal document such as the engineer-ing drawing, quality control, or quality assurance manuals, which invoke this specification.retractable probe FSW. Friction stir welding method in which the probe is axially movable (retractable) inside theshoulder via

47、 a secondary linear axis which may also embody an independent rotation drive.retreating side of weld. Side of the weld where the direction of tool rotation is opposite to the welding direction (seeFigure 3.1).self-reacting FSW. Friction stir welding method in which the anvil is replaced by a root-si

48、de shoulder that reacts to thecrown-side shoulder load, squeezing the material between the crown-side shoulder and the root-side shoulder (seeFigure 3.9).self-reacting tool. FSW tool with two shoulders, separated by a fixed length probe or an adjustable length probe, that isused for the self-reactin

49、g FSW method (see Figure 3.9).tilt angle. The angle in degrees that the tool rotational axis tilts relative to a line perpendicular to the workpiece surfacein the plane of the weld joint (see Figure 3.5).tool offset. The shortest distance from the tool rotational axis to the joint (see Figure 3.10).tool rotation speed. Angular rotation rate of speed of the welding tool.tool shoulder. Surface of the tool that contacts the workpiece surface during welding (see Figures 3.1 and 3.11).travel speed. Rate at which the welding operation progresses in the direction of welding.welding tool. The n