SANS 10120-5 INTRO-1986 Code of practice for use with standardized specifications for civil engineering construction and contract documents Part 5 Contract administration Introduct.pdf

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1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA

2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any

3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. SABS Ol2O : Part 5 ntroduction . 1986 PART 5 : CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION INTRODUCTION Clause 1 . 2 . 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 3 . 4 . 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.

4、4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 5 . 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 CONTENTS Page Number SCOPE . 1 DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS 1 efinitions 1 Interpretations 1 Approval . 1 . Specification drawings 1 GENERAL 1 CONTENTS Ok SUCCEEDING SECTIONS OF PART 5 1 Start of Construction 1 . Immediately after the Handing Over of th

5、e Site 2 During Construction 2 . Construction methods 2 Administration . 2 . Quality Control and Other Considerations 2 Quality control Notes on construction failures . . Disputes. mediations. arbitrations and court cases ELEMENTS OF THE MAKE-UP OF CONTRACTORS TENDER PRICES General Contractors Consi

6、derations Procedure Process Analysis Sheet . Unit Rate Make-up List 3 Table 1 . Process Analysis 4 Table 2 . Unit Rate Make-up . 5 . Table 3 W Typical Calculations for Basic Rates 6 Second Revision March 1986 This section of Part 5 of the code supersedes SmS 0120 : Part 5 : Section 0-1381 . Approved

7、 by the COUNCIL OF THE SOUTll AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARDS SOUTH AFRICAN BUREAU OF STANDARDS CODE OF PRACTICE YOR USE WITH STANDARDIZED SPECIFICATIONS FOR CIVII, ENGINEERIIIG CONSTRUCTION AND CONTRACT DOCUMENTS PART 5 : CONTRACT AUMLNISTRATION INTRODUCTION SCOPE This part of the code covers recommend

8、ations and suggestions intended to assist the engineer and the contractor in executing work covered by the standardized specifications and to assist them to work in harmony by promoting understanding of each others prollems. IT IS NOT A CONTRACTUAL INSTRUCTION TO ANY ONC. This section of this part o

9、f the code covers the contents of the succeeding sections and, to assist the enqineer in his administrat.ive duties, it includes a discussion of methods used by colltractors in arriving at tender prices. NOTE a) Because standardized specifications are regarded as primarily performance specifications

10、, tlw succeeding sections in this part of the code draw at-tention to those clauses of the relevant speci- fication that may warrant the issuing of instructions by the contractor to his staft on site or by the engineer regarding the method or methods of construction that should be adopted in order t

11、o ensure that the completed work will comply with the specification. Such instructions are intended for the guidance of construction hands, new staff and staff in training. b) The number and title of the standardized specification covered by each succeeding section in this part of the code are given

12、 at the beginning of the applicable section, the sections being set out in alphabetical order, and the title of the applicable standardized specification is given m the top outer corner of each succeeding page of the section. C) The number(s) given in brackets at the beginning or after the heading o

13、f a clause or subclause in the succeeding sections is/are, unless otherwise stated, the number (S) of the relevant clause (S) or subclause(s) of the applicable specification. DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS DEFINITIONS. For the purposes of this part of the code the definitions given in Part 1 and in

14、 the relevant standardized specifications shall apply. INTERPRETATIONS Approval. Note that rn vjew of the deiinition of terms such as “approved“ and “directed“ given in the standardized specifications (see for example SABS 1200 A), the qualifying phrase “by the Engineez“ is used with these terms onl

15、y when required to avoid misinterpretation. ecificatiotl Drawings. Note that reference is not made to the “latest issue“ of any specification drawinq as the drawuigs issued as part of the contract document are the drawings that will be used for interpretation of the intent of the contract in the eve

16、nt of a dispute. GENERAL In the succeeding sections of this part of the code recommendations are given regarding the data that must be provided by the engineer at a very early stage after the contract has been awarded in order that the contractor may plan and organize the project without hindrance d

17、ue to lack of such data. Suggestions are also given for the exercise of control ovpr the various aspects of construction, the simplification of construction and for the avoidance or minimizing of disputes. The clauses are so framed as to draw the attention of the engineer and the contractor to parti

18、cular actions required of them at particular stages during the construction in order to ensure compliance with the requirements of the relevant standardized specification and to minimize conflict. CONTENTS OF SUCCEEDING SECTIONS OF PART 5 START OF CONSTRUCTION. AS the design engineer will have dealt

19、 with the responsibilities that fall under the pre-tender considerations set out in Subclause 3.1 of the Introduction to Part 3 of the code, construction administration starts with instructions to the contractor to commence work. The instructionb include advice to the successful tenderer that he has

20、 been awarded the contract, the issuing of instructions for the submission, as and where applicable, of a surety bond and insurance policy (or copies), and advice on the arrangements, if any, for the signing of the agreement, the handing over of the site, the commencewnt of work and the first site m

21、eeting, and the exchange of names of site staff. Where the works are to be carried out departmentally (i.e. not by contract), most of the above requirements will fall away, but a first bite meeting should be held at which memhwrs of the design team should brief the construction team on the details o

22、f the project. After such a meeting the construction t-ean will be able tv plan their organization of the project. l) General. SABS 0120 : Part 5 Introduction - 1906 IMMEDIATELY AETER THE HANDING OVER OF TllE SITE. This subclause sets out the action to be taken by the engineer and the contractor imm

23、ediately after the award of the corktract and the handing over of the site. Attention is drawn to information and data, if any, that must be provided by the engineer to the contractor to ensure thdt the planning and oryaniziny of the works can, irom the start, proceed smoothly and without hindrance.

24、 Before the start of construction work, both the engineers representative on the site arid the contractors agent should mark their copies of the standardized and particular specifications that form part of the contract document to highlight the clauses that have been varied in any way by the project

25、 specificat ion and those thdt are not relevant. DURING CONSTRUCTION Construction ethobs. construction methods prescribe the manner of carrying out certain construction operations. A large quantity of the data has heen transferred from existing specifications. The data are so framed that they can be

26、 of the maximum use to the CEITB. Administration. Administration describes the steps that should be taken by the contractor and the engineer during the course of the work to ensure co-ordination and to eliminate delays. QUALITY CONTROL AND OTHER CONSIDEMTIONS uality Control. This subclause indicates

27、, where applicable, the procedures that are necessary for :he application of the principles of quality control as set out in SABS 0157) to administration of the contract and that are appropriate to the class of work covered by the relevant standardized specification. Notes on Construction Failures.

28、This subclause indicates, where applicable, which subclauses of the relevant specification have been so framed as to eliminate (or diminish) the risk of repeating past construction failures. In some cases, brief notes are given on construction failures that have been authoritatively reported or publ

29、ished. Disputes, Mediations, Arbitrations and Court Cases. This subclause indicates, where applicable, which subclauses oE the relevant specification have been so framed as to reduce the risk of disputes, etc. In some cases brief notes are given on disputes, mediations, arbitrations or court cases t

30、hat have been authoritatively reported or published. ELEMENTS OF THE MAKE-UP OF THE CONTRACTORS TENDER PRICES) GENERAL. Because of the way in which the measurement and payment items of the standardized specifications are set out (see Subclause 3.1 of the Introduction to Part 4 of the code), it is ne

31、cessary for the engineer to have some knowledge of Che methods used by the contractor to determine his tender price. Each contractor has his own preferred method but the sequence an$ underlying principles used by all are consistent. Some place the emphasis on unit rates, others place it on total cos

32、t. The method described in 5.3-5.5 places the emphasis on unit rates. CONTRACTORS CONSIDERATIONS. In the determination of the unit rates to be inserted in the tender, the contractor pays as much (if not more) attention to detail as the desiyn engineer does to his calcula- tions. The signifirant diff

33、erences between the two approaches are as follows: a) While the design engineer can amend and complete his designs as the construction proceeds, the contractor cannot vary his unit rates after tenders close. b) While the designer knows that his design will be used, the contractor cannot be sure that

34、 his unit rates will be used because his tender may not he successful. Thus, despite the importance of the unit rates, the contractor is unwilling to devote too much time to their determination. On the other hand, in order to increase the probability of their being successful and reduce the risk of

35、his having wasted time, he must determine those unit rates with sufficient care to ensure that they are competitive. c) While the design engineer is relatively free to establish his own program, the contractor must determine his rates within a limited time (usually 4 weeks). PROCEDURE In order to de

36、termine his unit rates, the contractor draws up a detailed process analysis for the major activities, primarily to analyse how the available plant, men and materials will be used to carry out the work and to determine the plant and facilities required, and hence to determine the applicable unit rate

37、s for plant and labour. The rates are calculated from data based on historical records held in the contractors office and from an analysis (based on experience) of the work that must actually be carried out under each item of the schedule. These rates are transferred to a unit rate make-up list on w

38、hich the labour, material and plant components of each unit rate are set out. These may necessitate the preparation of calculation sheets for the cost of activities under headings grouped as itemized in the applicable schedule of quantities (see Tables 2 and 3). Methods vary from the elementary to t

39、he highly sophisticated. In the case of small projects and especially where elementary meehods of analysis are used, the typical processes described in 5.4 and 5.5 may be somewhat shortened. The method of analysis and the forms used for the analysis and for recordinq the make-up of a tender rate var

40、y from contzactor to contractor depending on the organization, cost control system and other factors, but the procedure outlined in 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 is common to all methods. 2) Quality management systems. 3) Abstracted, with permission, from SAICF.S sde on quantitie.r. (In course of preparation). PR

41、OCESS ANALYSIS SIIEET In addition to using data from the sources described in 5.3.1, the contractor must give attention to clause Q of each standardized specificatioi in which details of the materials and operations that must be covered by the rates are given as well as the method by which each ltem

42、 of the schedule will be measured. Whlle prices for materlal and quotations for certain operations are being obtained (see 5.5.2) the contactors technical departments study the gereral conditions of contract, the project and other specfications, the drawings, reports on the locality, and the quantit

43、ies. They plan, in broad terms, how they will. execute the project, assuming that the tender has been accepted. In the course of doinq so, they analyse particularly the cost of the risk items and the inflationary items. The capital structure required to carry out the project and the complete program

44、 will then be drafted. The analyses are amended as necessary by reports received after the site inspection. A typical proccss analysis is shown in Table 1, in which column numbers have been added for ease of reference., The analysis and notes would nozmally be hand-written on such sheets. UNIT RATE

45、MAKE-UP LIST A contractor subdivides the rate for each item in a schedule into 4 parts: material, plant, labour and overheads. The first three are capable of a higher degree of factual analysis than the last. Immediately he receives the documents, he prepares his own unit rate make-up list with colu

46、mns drawn for the costs of material, plant, etc. (see Table 2), and sends a copy together with the relevant specjiications to his stores or buying staff to enable them to obtain prices and quotations (see 5.4.1). The unit rate make-up list is virtually a repeat of the schedule of quantities but it h

47、as 6 or more additional columns in which the components of each schedule rate are set out. To save time in the writing out of item numbers and descriptions and to eliminate the risk of errors and oaissions, it is sometimes produced by the at-tachment of, a sheet containing the additional colurus to

48、a copy of the schedule of quantities. Typical column headings are shown in Table 2. The sequence of entries is as follows: First the rates are entered in Columns 5, 6 and 7, and then the total of these values is entered in Colunn 4 to provide the basic unit rate. NOTE: This basic unit rate is used f

49、or cost heads in many costing systems, because it is made up of activities that can be controlled directly and readily on site. Column 8 is estimated to cover on-site overheads, small tools and equipment, head office overheads and profit, on the basis of a standard percentaqe of the basic unit rate, adjusted, at the discretion of the estimator, to produce a rounded-off unit rate for Column 9. The figurea inserted in the unit rate make-up list are those derived from the process analysis (Colmu1 6 of Table 1) or assessed from separate calculation sheets (see Table 3).