SAE R-429-2013 Integrated Vehicle Health Management The Technology (To Purchase Call 1-800-854-7179 USA Canada or 303-397-7956 Worldwide).pdf

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1、Edited by Ian K. Jennions R-429 Jennions The third volume in the Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) series, this book focuses on the technology that actually supports the implementation of IVHM in real-life situations. It follows two bestsellers, also published by SAE International, Integra

2、ted Vehicle Health Management: Perspectives on an Emerging Field, and Integrated Vehicle Health Management: Business Case Theory and Practice. Written collaboratively by twenty-seven authors of various backgrounds, Integrated Vehicle Health Management: The Technology addresses in depth the following

3、 areas: Sensors, instrumentation and signal processing F ault detection and diagnostics P rognostics and metrics Arc hitecture Data management V ehicle-level reasoning systems System s design Applications and disruptive tec hnologies Directed at industry prof essionals as well as researc hers and st

4、udents, Integrated Vehicle Health Management: The Technology is a must-have for those interested in this new, exciting field. About the Editor Ian K. Jennions is P rof essor of IVH M and Director of the IVH M Centre, Cranfield University, UK. His impressive career spans over 30 years. Having held se

5、nior positions at Rolls-Royce, ABB, and GE, his e xtensive bac kground involves work on aerodynamics (C F D), heat transfer, combustion, mechanical design, and IVHM specifically related to gas turbine applications. In July of 2008, he joined Cranfield University to lead the newly formed IVHM Centre,

6、 contributing to both its educational and industrially focused research aspirations. Integrated Vehicle Health Management The Technology Edited by Ian K. Jennions Integrated Vehicle Health Management The Technology Integrated Vehicle Health Management The TechnologyIntegrated Vehicle Health Manageme

7、nt The Technology R-429_Book.indb 1 8/1/13 9:48 AMOther SAE books of interest: Integrated Vehicle Health Management: Perspectives on an Emerging Field By Ian K. Jennions (Product Code: R-405) Integrated Vehicle Health Management: Business Case Theory and Practice By Ian K. Jennions (Product Code: R-

8、414) Aircraft Maintenance: The Art and Science of Keeping Aircraft Safe By Bruce R. Aubin (Product Code: T-115) For more information or to order a book, contact SAE International at 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, USA; phone 877-606-7323 (U.S. and Canada only) or 724-776-4970 (out

9、side U.S. and Canada); fax 724-776-0790; email CustomerServicesae.org; website http:/ /books.sae.org. R-429_Book.indb 2 8/1/13 9:48 AMIntegrated Vehicle Health Management The Technology Edited by Ian K. Jennions Warrendale, Pennsylvania USA R-429_Book.indb 3 8/1/13 9:48 AM Copyright 2013 SAE Interna

10、tional eISBN: 978-0-7680-8021-6400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, P A 15096-0001 USA E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Copyright 2013 SAE International. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro

11、duced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of SAE International. For permission and licensing requests, contact SAE Permissions, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA; email: copyrightsae.org; pho

12、ne: 724-772-4028; fax: 724-772-9765. ISBN 978-0-7680-7952-4 SAE Order Number R-429 DOI 10.4271/R-429 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Integrated vehicle health management : the technology / edited by Ian K. Jennions.p. cm.Summary: “This is the third book SAE has published on IVHM.

13、The scope of this book was to return to the, now familiar, taxonomy and investigate each of the broad theme areas of IVHM in more detail. The aim was to provide a bridge between the introduction to the subject, covered in the first book, and technical papers describing new work. This book is basical

14、ly in three parts: the technology chapters (2-9), then the Applications chapter (10), before the Emerging Technologies (11). The contri- butions made in these sections are now summarized in this order, before drawing the book to its conclusion”-Provided by publisher.ISBN 978-0-7680-7952-41. Electron

15、ics in transportation. 2. Embedded computer systems. 3. Automatic test equipment. 4. Systems engineering. 5. Transportation-Technological innovations. I. Jennions, Ian K. II. Society of Automotive Engineers. TA1235.I54 2013629.2549-dc23 2013016408 Information contained in this work has been obtained

16、 by SAE International from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither SAE International nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising o

17、ut of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that SAE International and its authors are supplying information, but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional sho

18、uld be sought. To purchase bulk quantities, please contact: SAE Customer Service Email: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Visit the SAE International Bookstore at http:/books.sae.org R-429_Book.indb 4 8/1/13 9:48 AMv Table

19、 of Contents Acknowledgments . ix Chapter 1 Introduction .1 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Scope 2 1.3 Book Structure 3 1.4 References 3 Chapter 2 Sensors, Instrumentation, and Signal Processing .5 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Overview of Measurement Systems and Components 6 2.3 Sensors and Transducers . 7 2.4 Anal

20、og-to-Digital Conversion and Associated Issues 10 2.5 Instrumentation Choice for an IVHM System 16 2.6 Feature Extraction Techniques . 19 2.7 Case StudyMachine Fault Simulator Unbalance Localization . 21 2.8 References. 24 Chapter 3 Data-Driven Anomaly Detection and Diagnosis.27 3.1 Introduction . 2

21、8 3.2 System Modeling and Residuals 28 3.3 Machine Learning 29 3.4 Putting It All Together 45 3.5 References. 46 Chapter 4 Prognostics 49 4.1 Introduction . 50 4.2 System Model . 51 4.3 Damage Propagation Model . 51 4.4 Prognostic Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 4.5 Damage Threshold . 51 4.6 Prognosis and Uncertainty Characterization . 51 4.7 Prognostic Techniques 53 4.8 Measuring Prognostics Performance 57 4.9 Electro-Mechanical Actuator Case Study 59 R-429_Book.indb 5 8/1/13 9:48 AMvi Table of Contents 4.10 Conclusions and Rec

23、ommendations 68 4.11 References. 68 Chapter 5 IVHM Assessment Metrics 71 5.1 Measuring IVHM Effectiveness 72 5.2 IVHM Metrics . 73 5.3 The Challenge of Data Availability 85 5.4 Conclusions . 86 5.5 References. 86 Chapter 6 IVHM Architecture .89 6.1 Introduction . 90 6.2 Background on IVHM and Avioni

24、cs Systems. 91 6.3 Design Guidelines for OCBM 94 6.4 IVHM Functional Architecture . 96 6.5 The Avionics Architecture That Includes IVHM 97 6.6 Hardware Technologies That Enable OCBM . 98 6.7 Software Architecture That Enables OCBM . 102 6.8 On-Ground Network Elements 109 6.9 Summary and Conclusions

25、.111 6.10 References111 Chapter 7 Data Management 115 7.1 Introduction 116 7.2 System Architectures 117 7.3 Data Processing and Fusion.119 7.4 Data Reduction and Compression . 126 7.5 Conclusions 136 7.6 References 136 Chapter 8 Vehicle-Level Reasoning Systems 139 8.1 Introduction 140 8.2 Background

26、 140 8.3 Defining VLRS 142 8.4 VLRS Architecture. 147 8.5 Standards for VLRS 148 8.6 Example: Emerging VLRS Implementation . 148 8.7 Economic and Safety Consequences . 152 8.8 Conclusions 153 8.9 References 154 R-429_Book.indb 6 8/1/13 9:48 AMvii Table of Contents Chapter 9 IVHM System Design 157 9.

27、1 Introduction 158 9.2 Requirements and Specification Generation. 158 9.3 Development of Prognostics Framework . 161 9.4 Design Considerations . 162 9.5 Testing. 170 9.6 Integration . 174 9.7 Conclusions 175 9.8 References 175 Chapter 10 Applications 177 10.1 Introduction . 178 10.2 SHM for Aerospac

28、e Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 10.3 Rotating Machinery 193 10.4 The Application of IVHM in Motorsport. 201 10.5 Prognostics and Health Management for Wind Turbines. 208 Chapter 11 Disruptive Technologies .235 11.1 Introduction . 236 11.2 Sensor Techno

29、logies 236 11.3 Wireless Data Systems 242 11.4 Subsystem Application Technologies 246 11.5 System-Level Technologies 251 11.6 References. 255 Chapter 12 Summary and Concluding Remarks259 Appendix: Acronyms263 Index269 About the Authors .277 R-429_Book.indb 7 8/1/13 9:48 AMR-429_Book.indb 8 8/1/13 9:

30、48 AMix Acknowledgments SAE Internationals series on the subject of Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) introduces its third volume, this time focusing on the technology that actually makes the implementation of IVHM possible. Written by twenty-seven authors from the academic, government, an

31、d industry settings, the title coalesces the expertise gathered from many years of hands-on experience and intense research projects, in many different areas of the worldindeed a unique mix of talents and technical backgrounds. As with the previous titles of the series, this one is also coordinated

32、by Dr. Ian K. Jennions, Director of the IVHM Centre at Cranfield University (UK). The focus of Integrated Vehicle Health Management: The Technology is to bring the reader closer to the technical aspects of a new and growing body of knowledge, a novel way to the future in commercial aviations asset m

33、anagement and maintenance. Here are the authors who collectively made this work happen. A list of their pictures and biog- raphies can be found at the end of the book: Abhinav Saxena, NASA Ames Research Center Ashok N. Srivastava, NASA Ames Research Center Chaochao Chen, University of Maryland Charl

34、es E. Dibsdale, Optimized Systems and Solutions (OSyS) Dinkar Mylaraswamy, Honeywell International Inc. George Vachtsevanos, Georgia Institute of Technology Ian K. Jennions, Cranfield University Kai Goebel, NASA Ames Research Center Karl Reichard, Pennsylvania State University Keith Jackson, Meggitt

35、 PLC Kevin Swearingen, The Boeing Company Kirby Keller, The Boeing Company Marcos E. Orchard, University of Chile Michael Pecht, University of Maryland Michael H. Azarian, University of Maryland Michael J. Augustin, IVHM Inc. Michael J. Roemer, Impact Technologies LLC/Sikorsky Innovations Co. Neil E

36、klund, GE Global Research Center Peter Foote, Cranfield University Raj M. Bharadwaj, Honeywell International Inc. R-429_Book.indb 9 8/1/13 9:48 AMx Acknowledgments Ranjith-Kumar Sreenilayam-Raveendran, University of Maryland Ravi Rajamani, Meggitt PLC Robert W. Mah, NASA Ames Research Center Seth Ke

37、ssler, Metis Design Corporation Sony Mathew, University of Maryland Sureshkumar Perinpanayagam, Cranfield University Tarapong Sreenuch, Cranfield University And to the reviewers, whose time and dedication made the quality of this publication a reason to be proud of, again our immense gratitude: Andr

38、e Lafon, Airbus Antony Waldock, BAE Systems Chip Queitzsch, FAA Chris Pomfret, Treble One LLC David Followell, The Boeing Company George Vachtsevanos, Georgia Institute of Technology Ginger Shao, Honeywell International Inc. Ian Campbell, Meggitt PLC Ian K. Jennions, Cranfield University Joao Pedro

39、Pinheiro Malere, Embraer Len Losik, Failure Analysis Co. Merv Floyd, Meggitt PLC Michael McCullough, BAE Systems Peter Smout, Aero Engine Controls Ravi Rajamani, Meggitt PLC Richard Greaves, Meggitt PLC Rhonda Walthall, Hamilton Sundstrand Seth Kessler, Metis Design Corporation Steve P . King, Rolls

40、-Royce Steve Parker, Meggitt PLC Timothy Wilmering, The Boeing Company Our commitment to publishing new developments in IVHM is unwavering. New titles are on their way, and we hope the readers will find them easy to understand and helpful well into the future. SAE International R-429_Book.indb 10 8/

41、1/13 9:48 AM1 Introduction Ian K. Jennions, IVHM Centre, Cranfield University, UK “We are continually faced with a series of great opportunities brilliantly disguised as insoluble problems. ” John W. Gardner CHAPTeR 1 R-429_Book.indb 1 8/1/13 9:48 AM2 Integrated Vehicle Health Management emerged dur

42、ing writing of the book, and the conversations that naturally ensued, was the realization that the major barrier to IVHM adoption lay not in the technology itself but in an ability to express a clear business case for its adoption. Such a case would lay out the cost of the engineering design, equipm

43、ent, and development needed, as well as the orga- nizational (cultural) cost of instilling service thinking along with training on new proce- dures and processes. This resulted in the second book: IVHM: Business Case Theory and Practice Jennions, ed. 2012. It was predicated on the paradigm shift obs

44、erved by the transformation of busi- nesses from selling a product, and deriving future income from spare part sales, to selling a service in which regular income is received in return for effective maintenance of the asset. The resulting service business requires a much deeper understanding of how

45、the asset is used and how parts degrade, and hence can be maintained, thus providing the rationale for IVHM. The objective of the book was to provide the tools and techniques for constructing a business case while also providing some of the context in which they are framed. It is essentially a book

46、for the commercial, rather than the technical, side of the organization, but should prove readable by both. 1.2 Scope The scope of the current book returns to the taxonomy introduced in the first book and replicated here as Figure 1.1. It was originally produced by the IVHM Centre and has been adopt

47、ed by the SAE IVHM steering group; it is not intended to be all encompassing but rather to show the essential elements and how they fit together. Each of the broad themes in the taxonomy (e.g., architectureSystems Engineering), systems design (Design Tools and Toolkits), 1.1 Background SAE Internati

48、onal formed an IVHM (Integrated Vehicle Health Management) Steering Group in the fall of 2010. The idea reflected the large number of groups, given below, within SAEs organization, that deal with health management of systems or subsystems (but without the integrated, holistic view of the vehicle ass

49、et or fleet). S-18: Aircraft and Systems Development and Safety Assessment E-32: Aerospace Propulsion Systems Health Management G-11: Reliability, Maintainability / Supportability and Probabilistic Methods Group G-11 SHM: Structural Health Monitoring and Management AS-3: Fiber-Optics and Applied Photonics A-6: Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems AE-5: Aerospace Fuel, Oil and Oxidizer Systems Steering Group A-5 Aerospace Landin