SAE R-420-2012 Changes in Plain Bearing Technology (To Purchase Call 1-800-854-7179 USA Canada or 303-397-7956 Worldwide).pdf
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1、Changes in Plain Bearing TechnologyOther SAE books of interest Engine Failure Analysis: Internal Combustion Engine Failures and their Causes By Stefan Zima and Ernst Greuter (Product Code: R-320) Modern Engine Technology from A to Z By Richard Van Basshuysen and Fred Schaefer (Product Code: R-373) D
2、esign Practices: Passenger Car Automatic Transmissions(Product Code: AE-29) For more information or to order a book, contact: SAE International 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA Phone: 877-606-7323 (U.S. and Canada only) or 724-776-4970 (outside U.S. and Canada) Fax: 724-776-0790;
3、 Email: CustomerServicesae.org; Website: books.sae.orgChanges in Plain Bearing Technology By Rolf Koring Translation by Phil Dando Warrendale, Pennsylvania USA Copyright 2013 SAE International. eISBN: 978-0-7680-7890-9400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA E-mail: CustomerServicesae.or
4、g Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Copyright 2013 SAE International. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior wri
5、tten permission of SAE. For permission and licensing requests, contact SAE Permissions, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA; e-mail: copyrightsae.org; phone: 724-772-4028; fax: 724-772-9765. ISBN 978-0-7680-7724-7 SAE Order No. R-420 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Da
6、ta Koring, Rolf.Gleitlagertechnik im Wandel. EnglishChanges in plain bearing technology/ by Rolf Koring ; translation by Phil Dando.pages cm“SAE Order Number R-420.”Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-7680-7724-7 (alk. paper)1. Plain bearings (Machinery)-Technological innovation
7、s. 2. Fluid-film bearings-Materials. 3. Babbitt metal. I. Title. TJ1063.K67 2013621.822-dc23 2012033050 Information contained in this work has been obtained by SAE International from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or complet
8、eness of any information published herein and neither SAE International nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that SAE International and its authors are supplying information, b
9、ut are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. To purchase bulk quantities, please contact: SAE Customer Service E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA
10、and Canada)724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Visit the SAE Bookstore at books.sae.org The cover photo shows a tilting pad journal bearing from John Crane Bearing Technology GmbH, Gttingen, used with permission. Translated from the German language edition: Gleitlagertechnik im Wandel by Ro
11、lf Koring Copyright expert verlag, Renningen, Germany, 2012.v Table of Contents Preface . ix 1 Introduction 1 2 The Hydrodynamic Plain Bearing and Its Advantages 32.1 The Operation of Hydrodynamic Plain Bearings 4 2.1.1 Journal Bearings 5 2.1.2 Lobed Bearings 82.1.3 Thrust Bearings 92.1.4 Hydrostati
12、cally Lubricated Bearings 12 3 Backing Materials 153.1 Steel Backings . 15 3.2 Cast Iron Backings . 163.3 Copper Alloy Backings 173.4 Heat Treatment of the Backings . 183.4.1 Normalization 183.4.2 Stress-Relief Treatment . 193.4.3 Hydrogen Removal Treatment 19 4 Lining Materials . 234.1 Lining Mater
13、ials of the Past 234.2 Lining Materials of the Present 234.3 Constraints for Tin-Based Plain Bearing Alloys 244.3.1 Viability of Manufacture 24 4.3.2 Lining Quality 274.3.3 Reliability under Operational Conditions . 274.4 The System for Developing a New White Metal . 284.4.1 Lead-Free 28 4.4.2 Optim
14、ization of the Basic System . 294.4.3 Additional Elements . 29 4.5 Comparison of International Technical Data . 334.6 Lining Materials of the Future . 34 5 Compound Material, the Great Unknown . 375.1 The Material Datas Scope of Information 375.1.1 Technical Properties of the Lining Material. 37 5.2
15、 Failure Criteria of Material Testing . 425.3 Failure Criteria of the Plain Bearing 42vi 6 Investigations on Test Rigs 456.1 A Retrospective on the History of Test Rig Design . 456.2 The New Procedure for Testing Compound Bearings 476.2.1 Summary 49 7 New Conclusions Relating to Compound Materials f
16、or Plain Bearings . 537.1 Performance Ranking of the Compound Materials 537.1.1 Ranking by the Fatigue Strength of the Compound Materials . 537.1.2 Rank in Order of Compressive Yield Strength 547.1.3 Rank in Order of Impact-Bending Strength 547.1.4 Rank in Order of Rotating-Bending Strength 547.1.5
17、Summary of Rank Order Based on Different Properties . 547.2 Fatigue Strength According to the Layer Thickness . 55 7.3 Observations on Thin Layers of Tin Alloys 557.4 Influences of Peripheral Speed and Frequency of Load Cycles 557.5 The Limits of the Measurable Fatigue Strength . 557.6 Fatigue Resis
18、tance of the Compound Material and the Influence of Stiffness of the Plain Bearing 567.7 The Deformations of a Plain Bearing 567.7.1 Elastohydrodynamic Deformation (EHD) of Plain Bearings 577.7.2 Different Deformation Types of the Lining . 587.7.3 Elastic Deformation 597.7.4 Deformation Due to Mater
19、ial Compaction 597.7.5 Modification of Surface by Mixed Friction 59 7.7.6 Creep Deformation 597.7.7 Deformation Due to Lining 597.8 Defects in the Layer . 607.9 Lubrication Gap Temperature and Material Temperature . 61 8 Preconditions for the Surface Lining of Plain Bearings 63 8.1 Equipment for the
20、 Casting Shop 638.1.1 Annealing Furnace 638.1.2 Grit Blasting Cabin 638.1.3 Grit 648.1.4 Activator or Flux . 648.1.5 Equipment for Tinning . 668.1.6 Melting Equipment for White Metals 668.2 Different Bonding Surface Designs . 678.2.1 Dovetail Grooves . 678.2.2 Machined Bond Surfaces 698.2.3 Smooth B
21、ond Surface 69vii 8.3 Preparation of the Backings 698.3.1 Heat Treatment 708.3.2 Blasting Procedure 70 8.3.3 Activating . 718.3.4 Tinning 718.4 Correct Use of the Molten Lining Material 73 9 The Lining of Plain Bearings 759.1 Static Casting 759.2 Centrifugal Casting 789.3 Lining by Soldering . 849.4
22、 Thermal Spraying . 879.5 Cold-Spraying Technology . 919.6 WIG Technology . 929.7 The Different Lining Procedures and Their Advantagesand Disadvantages . 92 9.8 Plain Bearing Lining Technology of the Future . 939.8.1 Bond 949.8.2 Crystal Refining . 949.8.3 Material Characteristics 959.8.4 Laser Lini
23、ng Process . 959.8.5 Summary of the Advantages Given by Laser Lining Technology 100 10 The Quality Standards for Plain Bearings . 10110.1 Plain Bearing Producers Process Qualification. 10110.2 Quality of the Plain Bearing Alloys . 10310.2.1 Specification of a Plain Bearing Alloy 10310.2.2 Methods of
24、 Analysis . 10510.2.3 Recipe (Composition) . 10810.2.4 Reuse of White Metal Chips 10910.3 Quality Control of Plain Bearings 11210.3.1 Inspection of the Geometry 11210.3.2 Inspection of the Bond 11210.3.3 Customers Specification 12610.3.4 The Quality of the Standards . 128 11 Plain Bearing Assembly a
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