SAE R-410-2012 Onboard Diagnostics and Measurement in the Automotive Industry Shipbuilding and Aircraft Construction (To Purchase Call 1-800-854-7179 USA Canada or 303-397-7956 Wor.pdf

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1、Onboard Diagnostics and Measurement in the Automotive Industry, Shipbuilding, and Aircraft Construction is a unique title that focuses on the direct (OBM) and indirect (OBD) determination of emissions in transportation. Originally published in Germany in 2008 by Expert Verlag, Onboard Diagnostics an

2、d Measurement in the Automotive Industry, Shipbuilding, and Aircraft Construction is available by SAE International, for the rst time in English. It offers the reader a state-of-the- art report on the recent developments on the determination of emissions and the estimation of concentration of pollut

3、ants in the exhaust pipe, using technologies such as intelligent microcontrollers, microsensors and microactuators systems on board. With worldwide legislation becoming ever more stringent, the automotive, shipbuilding, and aircraft industries are faced with the challenge of nding more ef cient ways

4、 to comply with, if not outperform, the demands of legal restrictions on emissions for both gases and particulate matter. Written by Dr. Palocz-Andresen, professor of Environmental and Climate Protection at the University of West Hungary in Sopron, guest professor of Sustainable Transportation at Le

5、uphana University in Lneburg, and member of the Chamber of Commerce Hamburg, Commission Innovation, Onboard Diagnostics and Measurement in the Automotive Industry, Shipbuilding, and Aircraft Construction is especially useful to those interested in understanding how the European Union and the United

6、States address the problem of transport-generated emissions. This book goes beyond the more common emissions issues encountered in the automotive arena (including light-duty and heavy commercial vehicles), to expand upon the upcoming and similar concerns derived from air and sea transport. In shippi

7、ng, the development trends are similar to those in the eld of heavy commercial vehicles. In aviation, the use of intelligent microsensors can help lower fuel consumption and, consequently, air pollution. Onboard Diagnostics and Measurement in the Automotive Industry, Shipbuilding, and Aircraft Const

8、ruction is a must-have source of technical information to those studying or working in the areas of transportation technology, sustainability, legislation, and environmental and climate protection. by Michael Palocz-Andresen R-410 Onboard Diagnostics and Measurement in the Automotive Industry, Shipb

9、uilding, and Aircraft Construction Onboard Diagnostics and Measurement in the Automotive Industry, Shipbuilding, and Aircraft Construction Onboard Diagnostics and Measurement in the Automotive Industry, Shipbuilding, and Aircraft Construction by Michael Palocz-Andresen Palocz- Andersen DRAFTOnboard

10、Diagnostics and Measurement in the Automotive Industry, Shipbuilding, and Aircraft ConstructionOther SAE books of interest Particulate Emissions From Vehicles by Peter Eastwood (Product Code: R-389) Diesel Emissions and Their Control by Magdi K. Khair and W . Addy Majewski (Product Code: R-303) Tech

11、nology for Near-Zero Emission Gasoline Powered Vehicles by Fuquan Zhao (Product Code: R-359) Green Technologies and the Mobility Industry by Dr. Andrew Brown, Jr. (Product Code: PT-146) For more information or to order a book, contact: SAE International 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-00

12、01 USA Phone: 877-606-7323 (U.S. and Canada only) or 724-776-4970 (outside U.S. and Canada) Fax: 724-776-0790; Email: CustomerServicesae.org; Website: http:/books.sae.orgOnboard Diagnostics and Measurement in the Automotive Industry, Shipbuilding, and Aircraft Construction Michael Palocz-Andresen Wa

13、rrendale, Pennsylvania USA Copyright 2012 SAE International. eISBN: 978-0-7680-7658-5400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Copyright 2012 SAE International. All right

14、s reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of SAE. For permission and licensing requests, contact SAE Permissions, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-

15、0001 USA; e-mail: copyrightsae.org; phone: 724-772-4028; fax: 724-772-9765. ISBN 978-0-7680-2078-6 SAE Order No. R-410 DOI 10.4271/ R-410 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Palocz-Andresen, Michael. Grundlagen der On- Board- Measurement im Kraftfahrzeug -, Schiffs- und Flugzeugbau. E

16、nglish Onboard diagnostics and measurement in the automotive industry, shipbuilding, and aircraft construction / Michael Palocz-Andresen.p. cm. “SAE Order Number R-410. ” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7680-2078-6 1. Automotive computers. 2. Motor vehicles-Electronic equip

17、ment. 3. Airplanes- Control systems. 4. Ships-Electronic equipment. I. Title. TL272.53.P35 2012 629.272-dc23 2012007407 Information contained in this work has been obtained by SAE International from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SAE International nor its authors guarantee the acc

18、uracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither SAE International nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that SAE International and its authors are supplyin

19、g information, but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. To purchase bulk quantities, please contact: SAE Customer Service E-mail: CustomerServicesae.org Phone: 877-606-7

20、323 (inside USA and Canada)724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Translated from the German language edition: On-Board-Diagnose und On-Board-Measurement im Kraftfahrzeug-, Schiffs- und Flugzeugbau by Michael Palocz-Andresen Copyright expert verlag, Renningen, Germany, 2008 Visit the SAE Books

21、tore at books.sae.orgv Table of ContentsList of Figures . xiList of Tables xviiPreface .xixAbbreviations and Definitions .xxi Chapter 1 - Main Focus . 1 1.1 Application in Motor Vehicles . 1 1.2 Classification 2 1.3 Use in Ships and Airplanes 3 1.4 Summary: Historical Development of OBD/OBM . 6 Chap

22、ter 2 - Onboard Diagnostics (OBD) and Onboard Measurement (OBM) in Motor Vehicles . 7 2.1 Historical Development 7 2.2 Onboard Measurement (OBM) . 10 2.3 Combination of OBD and OBM . 10 2.4 Summary: Development of OBD/OBM System . 11 Chapter 3 - Road Vehicle Monitoring . 13 3.1 Exhaust Gas Tests 13

23、3.2 Classification of Vehicles in the EU 16 3.3 Emission Limit Values 17 3.3.1 Type Approval Limit Values 17 3.3.2 OBD/OBM Limiting Values for Motor Vehicles with SparkIgnition Engines Fueled by Gasoline and Liquid and Natural Gas 18 3.3.3 Motor Vehicles with a Compression Ignition Motor in the EU .

24、 20 3.4 Summary: Structure of Emission Limit Monitoring 23 Chapter 4 - International Comparisons 25 4.1 Guidelines . 25 4.2 Comparison of the Limiting Values in Europe and in the United States . 28vi 4.2.1 Type Approval Limiting Values for Light Commercial Vehicles. 30 4.2.2 OBD III 30 4.2.3 Trends

25、of OBM Applications in Heavy Commercial Vehicles. 31 4.2.4 Retrofitting Older Vehicles with OBM Systems 32 4.3 Summary: International Comparison 33 Chapter 5 - State of the Art for Measurement Techniques 35 5.1 Research and Development . 36 5.1.1 High-Precision Measuring Devices 36 5.1.2 Highly Dyna

26、mic Multicomponent Gas Analyzers . 38 5.1.3 Laser Remote Measuring Systems 38 5.2 Measurement Device at the Test Bench . 40 5.2.1 NO xMeasuring Technique with Chemo Luminescence . 41 5.2.2 Flame Ionization Detector Technology for the Collection of the Unburned Hydrocarbons 41 5.2.3 Determination of

27、CO and CO 2with Infrared Spectrophotometers 41 5.2.4 Mobile Applications of Large Analyzers 41 5.2.5 Measurement of Ammonia at the Test Bench . 41 5.3 On-Road Measurement Field Devices . 42 5.4 Sensor Technology 44 5.5 Summary: Test Bench and Field Measuring Techniques . 45 Chapter 6 - OBM System Co

28、nstruction 47 6.1 Gas Preparation System 47 6.2 Sampling Technology 48 6.3 Regenerative Filters . 48 6.4 Readjustment Valve for the Zero Point Switching by Calibration . 48 6.5 Exhaust Gas Cooler . 49 6.6 Summary: Gas Preparation Chain 50vii Chapter 7 - The Optical System 53 7.1 Principle of the Inf

29、rared Gas Absorption 53 7.2 Pyroelectric Technology with Infrared Gas Absorption 54 7.2.1 Emitter Structure 55 7.2.2 Detector Structure 56 7.2.3 Optical Cell Structure . 56 7.2.4 Length of the Optical Cells 57 7.3 Summary: Optical Elements Structure . 58 Chapter 8 - Electronic and Software System .

30、61 8.1 Description of the Measurement Device 61 8.1.1 Storage and Transfer of the Data 62 8.1.2 Correction of the Signal and the Reference Curves . 63 8.1.3 Smoothing Measuring Signals 65 8.2 Summary: Hardware and Software Design . 66 Chapter 9 - Applications with OBM Devices . 69 9.1 Fast Measureme

31、nt Device for Determinations Nearthe Engine. 69 9.2 HC Analyzer for Low Concentrations 71 9.2.1 Combined Systems . 72 9.2.2 Detection of Parameters by Means of Exterior M easuring Sensors 72 9.3 Contamination of OBM Systems in the Field 73 9.3.1 Multireflection Optical Cells . 75 9.3.2 Two-Way Optic

32、al Cells 76 9.4 Summary: Applications with Onboard Measurement T echnology 76 Chapter 10 - OBD/OBM System in Field Experiments 79 10.1 Measurement of Raw Unburned Concentration Between Engine and Catalyst . 79 10.2 Cylinder-Specific Emissions 80 10.2.1 Control of the Secondary Air Injection . 82viii

33、 10.3 Monitoring of Deteriorations in Field Experiments . 83 10.4 Summary: Results of Field Experiments 86 Chapter 11 - Exhaust Gas Measurement at the Catalyst . 87 11.1 The Oxidation Catalyst . 87 11.1.1 Light-Off Point 88 11.1.2 Cold-Start Phase . 88 11.1.3 Monitoring the Aging of Catalysts 89 11.

34、1.4 Detection of Misfires . 92 11.2 The Reduction Catalyst . 93 11.2.1 Reduction of NO Through Feeding of Urea 93 11.2.2 Reduction of NO by Addition of Hydrocarbons 93 11.3 The Storage Catalyst 94 11.4 Control of the Exhaust Gas After Treatment (EGAT) in a Compression Ignition Engine . 94 11.4.1 Exh

35、aust Gas Recycling (EGR) . 94 11.4.2 Regulated Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides by Denitrification 95 11.5 Using OBM Technology at a Roller Test Bench 96 11.6 Summary: Applications with OBM in Field Experiments . 98 Chapter 12 - Ecological Driving .101 12.1 The Effect of an Ecological Style of Driving.1

36、01 12.2 Use of OBM in Driving Schools 101 12.3 Summary: Environmentally Friendly Driving 103 Chapter 13 - OBD/OBM for Future Fuels .105 13.1 Natural Gas as Fuel .10513.1.1 Fluctuation of Fuel Quality 10513.1.2 Determination of the HC Concentration inExhaust Gas 10513.1.3 Cold Start of CNG-Propelled

37、Engines .107 13.2 Alternative Fuels 107 13.2.1 Characteristics of Synfuel, SunFuel, and Hydrogen .107 13.2.2 New Fuels in Motor Vehicles .108 13.3 Summary: The Role of Future Fuels108ix Chapter 14 - Measurement of Emissions in Aviation .111 14.1 Analyzing Emissions of an Auxiliary Engine 113 14.1.1

38、Measuring Results .113 14.2 Summary: Aviation Applications 114 Chapter 15 - Measurement of Emissions from a Ships Diesel Engines 115 15.1 Legal Guidelines 115 15.2 Comparison of Emissions of Shipping and Other Types of Transportation 117 15.3 Objective of the Experimental Work 118 15.4 Experimental

39、Setup at the Ship .118 15.5 Evaluation of the Measurement Results .119 15.6 Future Use of OBM Technology in Shipping .120 15.7 Summary: OBM Applications in Shipping 121 Chapter 16 - Environmental and Climate Protection 123 16.1 Number of Vehicles .123 16.2 Tendencies in Fuel Consumption .124 16.3 Tr

40、ends in Cost 125 16.4 Use of Renewable Fuel 126 16.5 Environmental and Climate Protection .127 16.6 Economic Benefits .128 16.7 Summary: Aspects of Environmental and Climate Protection with OBD/OBM 129 Chapter 17 - Changing Social and Individual Behavior Patterns .131 17.1 Globalization Through Mobi

41、lity131 17.2 Low-Cost Motor Vehicles with Intelligent Technology132 17.3 Climate Protection 132 17.4 Summary: Analysis of Social Behavior .133x Chapter 18 - Visions for Future Construction 135 18.1 Technology .135 18.2 Miniaturization of Future OBM Devices .135 Chapter 19 - Conversion of Field Monit

42、oring Results to Test Bench Conditions 137 19.1 Artificial Neuronal Networks (ANNs) .137 19.2 Phases of Observation 137 19.3 Approximation with Iteration 138 19.4 Summary: Future Visions .139References 141Index .151 About the Author 159 xi Figure 1. Architecture of modern motor vehicles 1 Figure 2.

43、Structure of the intelligent control of exhaust gas 3 Figure 3. Approved promotional instruments for intelligent monitoring of exhaust gas in motor vehicles 4 Figure 4. Classification of OBD and OBM technology in motor vehicles .5 Figure 5. Installation of the OBM system in a motor vehicle10 Figure

44、6. Monitoring by the car manufacturer and owner of the motorvehicle.13 Figure 7. Classification of type approval (TA) in the EU and in the United States 14 Figure 8. Structure of the exhaust gas test .14 Figure 9. New European driving cycle (NEDC) .18 Figure 10. Comparison of technologies and dates

45、of use for private automobiles with spark ignition engines .25 Figure 11. Comparison of EU and U.S. emission-limiting values in TA and OBD 27 Figure 12. Ratio of OBD to TA 28 Figure 13. Approximate comparison of the limiting values of NO x.29 Figure 14. Approximate comparison of particle emissions .

46、29 Figure 15. Data transfer to a data center 30 Figure 16. Trend of the NO xlimiting values in heavy commercial vehicles .31 Figure 17. Trends in emission of particles in heavy commercial vehicles .31 Figure 18. Trends in electronic defects in road vehicles .32 Figure 19. Classification of measureme

47、nt techniques according to the purpose of use .35 Figure 20. Example of a high-precision measuring device for research and development 37 Figure 21. Principle of measurement of the laser remote system .39 Figure 22. Test bench for heavy-duty vehicles .40 Figure 23. Schematic diagram of the IR gas an

48、alyzer .42 Figure 24. Mobile test bench with conventional analyzers 43 List of Figuresxii Figure 25. Setup and principle of measurement of the ammonia measuring device 43 Figure 26. On-road measuring device for mobile application 44 Figure 27. View of an HC and CO measuring cell on solidelectrolytic

49、 basis .45 Figure 28. Gas block picture 47 Figure 29. Setup of the regenerative filter system 48 Figure 30. Structure of the regulated, heated filter system .49 Figure 31. Installation of the regenerative filter 49 Figure 32. Gas preparation with zero switching 50 Figure 33. Readjusting valve with fine filter .50 Figure 34. Structure of the microcooler .51 Figure 35. Infrared spectra of important exhaust gases .54 Figure 36. Structure of the OBM infrared measurement device with the optical cell .54 Figure 37. Construction and view of an emitter