SAE R-226-2000 Cleaner Cars The History and Technology of Emission Control Since the 1960s (To Purchase Call 1-800-854-7179 USA Canada or 303-397-7956 Worldwide).pdf
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1、11CleanerCars: The History and Technology of EmissionControl Sincethe 1960s therS!Eboo“sonthis to#ic Emissionsand!ir Q%ality by Hans (724)776+4970; fax (724)776+0790; e+mail: #%blicationssae.org; web site: www.sae.org/ =ST RE.CleanerCars: The History and Technology of EmissionControl Sincethe 1960s
2、J. RobertMondt Society of!%tomotive Engineers, nc. Warrendale, eadin:asoline.93 DualConverter #ystems.95 CatalystElements.96 Alternative Catalyst Elements.96 TheContributions byCatalystCompanies.9% CatalystAging.99 Development of Catalytic Converters by theAuto Industry.100 TheCeramic*onolith Cataly
3、ticConverter.106 CatalystProcesses.10“ 19“5 Catalytic ConverterEmissionControl #ystem.115 Catalysts forDiesel Engines.119 Temperature Effects.121 ;imitationson Engine+peration.125 Three- ayCatalytic ConverterEra.126 Three- ayCatalyst Transient Testing.12% Closed ;oop EmissionControl.129 AuditandCust
4、omer Inspections.13“ #ummary.139 Chapter “ RevisedCleanAirActof1990andExhaust Aftertreatment #ystems.143 Impact ofthe 1990RevisedCleanAirActon Exhaust Engineering.149 Exhaust #ystem Thermal *anagement.149 *ultidimensional *odeling.155 Three- ay Converter *odeling.15“ Thermal Durability.159 Alternati
5、ve #ubsystems.160 Passive #ubsystems.161 Active #ubsystems.16“ Exhaust #ystem PressuresandPressure Drop.1“6 Flow Processes.1“ #ourcesofPressure Drop.1%0 ;ossCoefficients.1%4 Vehicle Applications.1%“Chapter % AlternativeFuelsand:lobalEmissions.193 AlternativeFuels.193 Auto/+ilAir QualityImprovement R
6、esearch Program.199 Fuel CompositionalChanges.200 +zone *odeling.201 :lobalarming(:reenhouseEffect).202 ;ean!urn N+xCatalyst Consortium.206 AcidRain.209 Chapter 9 Future Perspective.213 Fuel Quality.213 AlternativeFuels.213 Emission#tandards.215 EmissionsControl Progress.21“ Air Quality Data.21% Fut
7、ure Projections.223 Appendices A TimelineforControlofAutomotiveEmissionsinthe United#tates.22“ ! People andPlaces.231 :eneral*otors.231 Ford*otor Company.233 Inter-Industry EmissionControl (IIEC)Program.233 Catalytic Converter Development.233 ChryslerCorporation.234 C Acronyms.23“ Index.241 Aboutthe
8、Author 261Foreword Thisbook is anhistorical overviewoftheevolutionofemissioncontrolsfor automobiles. It is written from my perspective as a participant in the research and development program at General Motors, where I worked for 43 years.s a mechanical engineer, my technical specialties include the
9、rmodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics. My hands!on experi! encehasbeenin integratingcomponents into complete vehicle systems, with a particular emphasis on introducing the catalytic converter as a primary component for controlling exhaust emissions fromautomobiles. I witnessedtheevolutiono
10、femissioncontrols starting with theenvironmen! tal concerns in #alifornia in the $% )ob +arrauto, of (ngelhard *orporation; and &hil Willson, for their review and contributions“Introduction Advances in mankinds standard of living over the last century can be characterized in large part by both incre
11、ased consumption of energy and depletion of energy sources, predominately oil and coal. A byproduct of this process has been a significant increase in the amount of waste matter gener- ated, both on the ground and in the atmosphere. Until recent times, ongoing natural chemical processes have been su
12、fficient to cleanse the environment of most of the pollution and waste materials that have resulted from energy production and consumption. However, in light of a constantly increasing population worldwide and the resultant use of more and more energy x=re#- consuming appliances and vehicles, the er
13、adication of these wastes can no longer be left to $other Nature alone. At the beginning of the twentieth century, most pollutants still originated from natural sources. However, as early as the the chemical forces that produced the colored haze resulted from the reactions of volatile organic compou
14、nds (VOCs) p=m- mostly hydrocarbons p=m- and biogenic oxides of nitrogen (NOx). By the &950s, mans contributions to environmental pollution began to increase at an alarming rate, especially in energy-consuming nations such as the United +tates. At mid-century, major sources of air pollution included
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