SAE J 2288-1997 Life Cycle Testing of Electric Vehicle Battery Modules.pdf

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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro

2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2008 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

3、reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)Fax: 724-

4、776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSURFACEVEHICLERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEJ2288REAF.JUN2008Issued 1997-01Reaffirmed 2008-06Superseding J2288 JAN1997Life Cycle Testing of Electric Vehicle Battery Modules1. ScopeThis SAE Recommended Practice defines a standardized test me

5、thod to determine the expectedservice life, in cycles, of electric vehicle battery modules. It is based on a set of nominal or baseline operatingconditions in order to characterize the expected degradation in electrical performance as a function of life andto identify relevant failure mechanisms whe

6、re possible. Accelerated aging is not included in the scope of thisprocedure, although the time compression resulting from continuous testing may unintentionally acceleratebattery degradation unless test conditions are carefully controlled. The process used to define a test matrix ofaccelerated agin

7、g conditions based on failure mechanisms, and to establish statistical confidence levels forthe results, is considered beyond the scope of this document.Because the intent is to use standard testing conditions whenever possible, results from the evaluation ofdifferent technologies should be comparab

8、le. End-of-life is determined based on module capacity and powerratings. This may result in a measured cycle life different than that which would be determined based onactual capacity; however, this approach permits a battery manufacturer to make necessary tradeoffs betweenpower and energy in establ

9、ishing ratings for a battery module. This approach is considered appropriate for amature design or production battery. It should be noted that the procedure defined in this document isfunctionally identical to the USABC Baseline Life Cycle Test Procedure.1.1 Field of ApplicationElectric Vehicles1.2

10、Product ClassificationElectrochemical Storage Devices1.3 FormAn Electric Vehicle propulsion battery will consist of a battery configuration of several (typically 12 V)modules interconnected in one or more series strings. This document provides test methods to determine thelife expectancy of such mod

11、ules, including but not limited to modules built in accordance with SAE J1797. Useof this document is intended for single independently packaged modules operating at ambient conditions (i.e.,standard room temperature). Testing of a fully configured propulsion battery system, especially whendesigned

12、to operate at elevated or reduced temperatures, usually results in reduced expected service life andrequires testing methods beyond the scope of those included in this document.SAE J2288 Reaffirmed JUN2008-2-2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this speci

13、fication to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise indicated, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J1715Electric Vehicle TerminologySAE J1797Recommended Practice for Packaging of Electri

14、c Vehicle Battery ModulesSAE J1798Performance Rating of Electric Vehicle Battery Modules2.2 Related PublicationThe following publication is provided for information purposes only and is not a requiredpart of this document.U. S. Advanced Battery Consortium Electric Vehicle Battery Test Procedures Man

15、ual, Revision 2, January19963. DefinitionsSee SAE J1715.4. Test Conditions4.1 Test SamplesThe number of test samples to be subjected to the test regime in this document will bedetermined by the entity sponsoring the testing based on the confidence level or statistical significance desiredfrom the re

16、sults. Determination of this value is outside the scope of this document, which is limited to definingthe testing method to be used for any individual module. One commonly used approach is to establish somedesired level of conformance. For example, if 23 modules are tested and the value correspondin

17、g to 1.28standard deviations below the average is reported, 90% of the modules from which this sample is drawn canbe expected to perform above this value.4.2 Test TemperatureTesting shall be performed at a controlled ambient temperature of 25 C (or at the targettemperature specified by the test spon

18、sor for the application) within 2 C. Measured module temperaturesshall be stabilized within this range at the start of discharge or charge cycles. This may require cooling to beapplied to reduce the time between the end of a charge or discharge and the beginning of the next dischargeor charge. If re

19、quired, cooling shall be applied using the manufacturers recommended temperature controlmeans, which shall specify the required coolant flow rates, heat transfer properties, etc. If these are notspecified, modules under test shall be cooled by the presence of ambient air, i.e., cooling below ambient

20、temperature shall not be used.4.3 Temperature SensingA minimum of one ambient temperature measurement and one temperaturemeasurement per module, insulated from ambient environment, is recommended. Different batterymanufacturers may recommend specific locations for temperature sensing such as the cen

21、ter of the case sidewall, one of the terminals, or the center of the end wall. In the absence of a manufacturer-specified location,use the center of the side wall as a default. Placement in any of these locations should not affect the results aslong as the device is not exposed to external condition

22、s that may skew the readings. Locating the sensor on amodule terminal may require precautions to assure there is no shock hazard. The temperature senselocation(s) should be reported with the test results.4.4 Data RecordingData recording should include time, temperature, voltage, current, and visual

23、observations.Data should include a record of any maintenance performed on a module during testing.SAE J2288 Reaffirmed JUN2008-3-4.5 Data Sampling FrequencyAll parameters should be measured at a sample rate adequate to ensure thatthe coulombic and energy capacities of the module under test are accur

24、ately determined. For tests involvingshort-term transient conditions (i.e., dynamic capacity or peak power tests), this will typically require asampling frequency of once per second during any transient portions of the test and a time skew betweencorresponding current and voltage measurements of 0.1

25、 s or less.5. Test Procedure5.1 Determination of Test Ratings and LimitsConduct of this procedure requires knowledge of the ratedcoulombic and energy capacities of the module, and of its rated peak power capability at 80% depth-of-discharge. Additionally, any manufacturers limits on charge or discha

26、rge, such as minimum voltage,maximum current, or maximum or minimum temperature, must be known. The manufacturers recommendedcharge regime shall be used for recharging the module after each discharge. However, the specified chargeregime shall not result in a recharge period exceeding 12 h.5.2 Precon

27、ditioning and Baseline PerformanceA series of three baseline performance tests shall beperformed prior to the start of repetitive cycling, as defined in 5.4. Any preconditioning tests required by themanufacturer shall be done prior to the performance of these baseline tests. Use of such precondition

28、ing testsis discouraged unless modules have been subjected to an extended stand period prior to the start of testingunder this procedure. In no case shall more than 10 discharge/charge cycles be required for preconditioning.5.3 Repetitive Discharge CyclingThe discharge test to be used for this cycli

29、ng is the Dynamic Capacity Testdefined in SAE J1798, with power levels scaled as required in that procedure. The module shall be dischargedto 80% DOD based on its dynamic rated capacity (in ampere-hours) using this test and then immediately befully recharged. These discharge/charge cycles shall be r

30、epeated end-to-end (i.e., continuously) withoutinterruption for a period of approximately 28 days. (A longer or shorter period may be appropriate if 28 days ofcycling represents less than 5% or more than 20% of the anticipated module life.) If delays are necessarybetween the end of a charge or disch

31、arge and the following discharge or charge due to module temperaturelimits, this will reduce the number of cycles which can be performed during each cycling period. With somebatteries it might also result in significant stand losses during the delay period. Consequently this delayinterval should be

32、limited to 1 to 2 h or less wherever possible, and it should be consistent in length. In order toreduce stand loss, the manufacturer is permitted to specify any reasonable cooling method to reach therequired start-of-test temperature within such a time interval.5.4 Reference Performance TestsPrior t

33、o the start of cycling, and at the end of each period of repetitive cyclingas defined in 5.3, a series of three reference tests shall be performed to determine the present capacity andpeak power capability of the module, for comparison both to rated values and to those measured at the start oftestin

34、g. These shall be done in the following order:a. A Capacity Test at the C/3 constant current rate as defined in SAE J1798.b. A Dynamic Capacity Test to a maximum of 100% of rated capacity as defined in SAE J1798.c. A Peak Power Test as defined in SAE J1798.5.5 End of Testing and End of LifeSection 5

35、.3 and 5.4 shall be repeated until the module reaches an end-of-life condition as measured by the Reference Performance Tests. End-of-life may be any of the followingconditions:a. The measured capacity (either static or dynamic) is less than 80% of rated capacity, orb. The peak power capability is l

36、ess than 80% of its rated value at 80% depth-of-dischargeSAE J2288 Reaffirmed JUN2008-4-Since the repetitive cycling is done to 80% DOD based on its rated dynamic capacity, failure to achieve thiscapacity during cycling may indicate that end-of-life has been reached. Cycling may be suspendedimmediat

37、ely and the Reference Performance Tests performed to verify this, or cycling may be continued untilthe next periodic tests. In either event, the Reference Performance Tests must be performed to confirmwhether end-of-life is reached. If the periodic tests indicate that end-of-life is reached, they sh

38、ould be repeatedfor confirmation.The life cycle expectancy of the module under this procedure shall be considered to be the total number ofcycles accumulated when end-of-life is reached, including Reference Performance Tests but not including anycycles which fail to achieve 80% of rated capacity (i.

39、e., those cycles performed after capacity drops below 80%but before the Reference Performance Tests verify end-of-life should not be counted in the reported life.)Testing may be discontinued after end-of-life is reached, unless the testing sponsor elects to continue cyclingin order to monitor the co

40、ntinuing degradation of the module.5.6 Data Acquisition and Reporting RequirementsReporting of this testing shall include a cycle-by-cyclesummary of the measured net discharge capacity (in ampere-hours and watt-hours) and other results from theReference Performance Tests. The capacity results may be

41、 reported in either tabular or graphical form. Otherrecommended information to be reported for these tests includes test duration, recharge energy and ampere-hours, charge/discharge efficiency, end-of-charge and end-of-discharge open-circuit voltages, and initial andfinal temperatures.PREPARED BY TH

42、E SAE ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY SYSTEM STANDARDS SUBCOMMITTEEOF THE SAE ELECTRIC VEHICLE STANDARDS FORUM COMMITTEEREAFFIRMED BY THE SAE HYBRID COMMITTEESAE J2288 Reaffirmed JUN2008RationaleNot applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO StandardNot applicable.ApplicationThis SAE Recommended Practi

43、ce defines a standardized test method to determine theexpected service life, in cycles, of electric vehicle battery modules. It is based on a set of nominal orbaseline operating conditions in order to characterize the expected degradation in electrical performanceas a function of life and to identif

44、y relevant failure mechanisms where possible. Accelerated aging is notincluded in the scope of this procedure, although the time compression resulting from continuous testingmay unintentionally accelerate battery degradation unless test conditions are carefully controlled. Theprocess used to define

45、a test matrix of accelerated aging conditions based on failure mechanisms, andto establish statistical confidence levels for the results, is considered beyond the scope of this document.Because the intent is to use standard testing conditions whenever possible, results from the evaluationof differen

46、t technologies should be comparable. End-of-life is determined based on module capacity andpower ratings. This may result in a measured cycle life different than that which would be determinedbased on actual capacity; however, this approach permits a battery manufacturer to make necessarytradeoffs b

47、etween power and energy in establishing ratings for a battery module. This approach isconsidered appropriate for a mature design or production battery. It should be noted that the proceduredefined in this document is functionally identical to the USABC Baseline Life Cycle Test ProcedureReference Sec

48、tionSAE J1715Electric Vehicle TerminologySAE J1797Recommended Practice for Packaging of Electric Vehicle Battery ModulesSAE J1798Recommended Practice for Performance Rating of Electric/Electric Hybrid Vehicle BatteryModulesDeveloped by the SAE Electric Vehicle Battery System Standards SubcommitteeSponsored by the SAE Electric Vehicle Standards Forum Committee