SAE AS 36102B-2017 Air Cargo Unit Load Devices - Testing Methods.pdf

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1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there

2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2017 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p

3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497

4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/standards.sae.org/AS36102B AEROSPACE STANDARD AS36102 REV. B Issued 2005-03 Reaffirmed 2011-04 Stabilized 2012-12

5、 Revised 2017-03 Superseding AS36102A Air Cargo Unit Load Devices Testing Methods RATIONALE Revised to take into account the changes to AS36100 revision B, including introduction of straps tie-down testing on pallets, and provide improved pallet nets testing results comparability. FOREWORD Throughou

6、t this Aerospace Standard, the minimum essential criteria are identified by use of the key word “shall”. Recommended criteria are identified by use of the key word “should” and, while not mandatory, are considered to be of primary importance in providing acceptable ULD testing conditions. Deviation

7、from recommended criteria should only occur after careful consideration and thorough evaluation in testing have shown alternate methods to provide an equivalent level of safety. SAE INTERNATIONAL AS36102B Page 2 of 23 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. scope . 4 1.1 Purpose . 4 1.2 Field of Application 4 2. REFER

8、ENCES 4 2.1 Applicable Documents 4 2.1.1 SAE Publications . 4 2.1.2 U.S. Government Publications 4 2.1.3 AIA Publications 5 2.1.4 ISO Publications 5 2.2 Other Publications 5 2.2.1 RTCA Publications 5 2.3 Definitions 5 3. TYPES OF LOADS . 6 3.1 Alternative Load Application 6 3.1.1 Fixed Loads . 6 3.1

9、.2 Increasing Loads . 6 3.2 Typical Load Media . 6 3.2.1 Flexible load transfer media = 50 kg (110 pounds) 7 3.2.4 Air Pressurized Bladders . 7 3.2.5 Hydraulic Systems . 7 4. PHYSICAL TESTING 7 4.1 General 7 4.1.1 Environmental Conditions . 7 4.1.2 Materials 7 4.1.3 Damage Allowances 7 4.2 Testing o

10、f Containers 8 4.2.1 Test Method 8 4.2.2 Application of Test Load 8 4.2.3 Application of Eccentricity in Center of Gravity (CG) . 8 4.2.4 Approval Criteria for Passing Container Test 8 4.2.5 Recording Deformations . 8 4.3 Testing of Pallets . 8 4.3.1 Test Method 8 4.3.2 Application of Test Load 9 4.

11、3.3 Application of Eccentricity in Center of Gravity (CG) . 9 4.3.4 Approval Criteria for Passing Pallet Test 9 4.3.5 Recording Deformations . 9 4.3.6 Track Test . 9 4.4 Testing of Pallet Nets 10 4.4.1 Net Preconditioning . 10 4.4.2 Test Method 10 4.4.3 Application of Test Load 11 4.4.4 Application

12、of Eccentricity in Center of Gravity (CG) . 11 4.4.5 Load Application Device 11 4.4.6 Approval Criteria for Passing Pallet Net Test 11 4.4.7 Recording Deformations . 12 SAE INTERNATIONAL AS36102B Page 3 of 23 5. COMPUTER ANALYSIS . 12 5.1 Analysis Method 12 5.2 Material Data . 12 5.3 Validation . 12

13、 5.3.1 Subassemblies and Interfaces Analysis 12 5.3.2 Assembly Analysis 12 6. TEST OR ANALYSIS REPORT 13 6.1 Purpose . 13 6.2 Test Report Layout 13 6.2.1 Purpose of Test . 13 6.2.2 Test Specimen 13 6.2.3 Test Requirement 13 6.2.4 Test Equipment . 13 6.2.5 Tests Procedure 13 6.2.6 Test Results 13 6.2

14、.7 Conclusion . 13 6.2.8 Appendices 13 6.3 Analysis Report Layout 13 6.4 Certificates of Conformity 13 7. Notes . 14 7.1 Revision Indicator 14 APPENDIX A AIR PRESSURIZED BLADDERS TYPICAL TEST SET-UPS . 15 APPENDIX B HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS PHYSICAL TESTING . 17 APPENDIX C TYPICAL SETUP FOR PHYSICAL TESTIN

15、G OF CONTAINER 21 APPENDIX D TYPICAL SETUP FOR PHYSICAL TESTING OF PALLET NET . 22 APPENDIX E TYPICAL SOFTWARE ANALYSIS OF PALLET NET 23 SAE INTERNATIONAL AS36102B Page 4 of 23 1. SCOPE This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the testing methods to be used to substantiate performance of air cargo

16、 containers, pallets and nets (Unit Load Devices) for airworthiness approval in accordance with NAS 3610 or AS36100. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this Aerospace Standard is to establish acceptable ULD test methods and load distributions used to prove compliance with minimum performance requirements as

17、 established in AS36100, or NAS 3610 as appropriate. 1.2 Field of Application 1.2.1 This Aerospace Standard applies to all airworthiness approved air cargo unit load devices intended for carriage on board civil transport airplanes type certified under Federal Aviation Regulations Title 14 CFR Part 2

18、5. 1.2.2 ULDs that are not covered in AS36100 should be tested according to this Aerospace Standard, but NAS 3610 revision 10 shall be used for applicable minimum performance requirements and test parameters in these cases. 1.2.3 Containers that are not airworthiness approved (non-certified containe

19、rs) can also be substantiated as to flight loads performance according to this Aerospace Standard. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of

20、other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless

21、a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. AIR1490 Environmental Degradation of Textiles AS33601 Track and

22、 Stud Fitting for Cargo Transport Aircraft, Standard Dimensions For AS36100 Air Cargo Unit Load Devices - Performance Requirements and Test Parameters AS36101 Air Cargo Unit Load Devices - Load Distribution Model 2.1.2 U.S. Government Publications Copies of these documents are available online at ht

23、tps:/www.faa.gov. Federal Aviation Regulations Title 14 CFR Part 21 - Certification Procedures for Products and Parts, Subpart O - Technical Standard Order Authorizations Technical Standard Order TSO C90 - Cargo Pallets, Nets and Containers Federal Aviation Regulations Title 14 CFR Part 25 - Airwort

24、hiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes SAE INTERNATIONAL AS36102B Page 5 of 23 2.1.3 AIA Publications Available from Aerospace Industries Association, 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, Tel: 703-358-1000, www.aia-aerospace.org. NAS 3610 National Aerospace Standard N

25、AS 3610 - Cargo Unit Load Devices - Specification for - (Revision 10) 2.1.4 ISO Publications Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, at http:/webstore.ansi.org/. Abroad, from the national standardization institutions, or

26、ISO, 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41 22 749 01 11, www.iso.org. ISO 3394 Dimensions of rigid rectangular packages - Transport packages ISO 3676 Packaging - Unit load sizes - Dimensions ISO 7166 Aircraft - Rail and stud configuration for passenger e

27、quipment and cargo restraint ISO 8097 Minimum airworthiness requirements and test conditions for certified air cargo unit load devices ISO 9788 Air cargo equipment Double stud tie-down fittings Design and testing ISO 21100 Air Cargo Unit Load Devices Performance Requirements and Test Parameters 2.2

28、Other Publications 2.2.1 RTCA Publications Available from RTCA, Inc., 1150 18th Street, NW, Suite 910, Washington, DC 20036, Tel: 202-833-9339, www.rtca.org. DO-160 Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment 2.3 Definitions CONTAINER (AIR CARGO): A rigid structure which inte

29、rfaces directly with the aircraft cargo handling and restraint system and alone performs all the functions of a unit load device. NET (AIR CARGO PALLET): A webbing or rope net for restraining load onto an air cargo pallet. PALLET (AIR CARGO): A unit load device consisting of a flat platform with fla

30、t undersurface of standard dimensions, on which goods are assembled and secured by a net before being loaded as a unit on to the aircraft, and which interfaces directly with the aircraft handling and restraint system. To constitute a certified ULD, a certified pallet shall be equipped with a net, ce

31、rtified according to the relevant regulation. UNIT LOAD DEVICE (ULD): Device for grouping, transferring and restraining cargo for transit. It may consist of a pallet with a net or it may be a container. PANEL: Assembly of components to form a complete side of a ULD, base and roof included. CENTER OF

32、 GRAVITY (CG): Location of the ULD payloads center of mass. The location is defined in AS36100. LIMIT LOAD (LL): The maximum load to be expected in service as a result of an aircrafts certified allowable flight envelope (see Title 14 CFR Part 25, 25.301(a). ULTIMATE LOAD (UL): The limit load multipl

33、ied by a safety factor of 1.5 (see Title 14 CFR Part 25, 25.303). It shall be used for calculation of the ULD test load, based on the ultimate load value defined in AS36100, in each direction of restraint, for the relevant ULD configuration. SAE INTERNATIONAL AS36102B Page 6 of 23 TEST LOAD (TL): Th

34、e combined load to be used for testing a ULD in a given direction of restraint, including: a. Applicable ultimate load. b. Maximum allowable CG offset for the relevant ULD configuration. c. Appropriate environmental degradation factor. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION FACTOR: A test load factor that shall

35、be the result of an assessment of materials used in the construction of pallets, nets and containers for potential in-service performance degradation resulting from environmental conditions. NUMERIC SIMULATION: Simulation of physical test condition and reaction of ULD employing numerical analysis, c

36、omputational geometry and computer graphics to obtain proof support and design verification, validated by demonstration that parameters, algorithms and analytical methods used provide results of at least equivalent reliability to the outcome of a specified actual test. REFERENCE LOAD ITEM: A rectang

37、ular cargo box with dimensions of 600 x 400 x 250 mm (24 x 16 x 10 inches), loaded in any direction. This size is defined as a minimum common size of cargo items, based on ISO 3394 cross-checked with ISO 3676 and consistent with industry practise. 3. TYPES OF LOADS 3.1 Alternative Load Application 3

38、.1.1 Fixed Loads ULD is loaded with test load before test is initiated. This test does not indicate exactly at which point a possible failure occurs since the ULD either pass or fails, but it is easier to perform in a repeatable manner. For typical load media, see 3.2.1 through 3.2.3. 3.1.2 Increasi

39、ng Loads Increase load gradually until test load has been reached or until failure of ULD. This method gives greater control over when failure occurs, but can be more time consuming. Except for nets testing, load increase should take place in steps, with a minimum of 3 second stabilization between e

40、ach step. Time taken to apply the load should be recorded for inclusion in test report if using increasing loads. For typical load media, see 3.2.3 through 3.2.5. For nets testing, see 4.4. 3.2 Typical Load Media Detailed below are typical load materials used for the purpose of applying specified te

41、st loads onto the ULD panels. A combination of the defined load materials may be used. Any load media shall not restrict panel deflection under test load. Except for nets testing, adequate clearance between adjacent load media should be considered to insure unrestricted movement of the load media. 3

42、.2.1 Flexible load transfer media = 50 kg (110 pounds) Large load media are ideally used when having large test loads and restricted internal ULD volume. They can also be used to minimize manual handling. One or more layers of small load media should be used underneath in order to avoid large concen

43、trated loads. 3.2.4 Air Pressurized Bladders Air pressurized bladders can be used for containers testing when having large loads and limited internal ULD volume. The bladders shall cover the full panel surface. To replicate CG eccentricity, the load shall be applied to a limited area only by positio

44、ning an appropriately sized bladder. The bladder shall be a box type construction that will only expand towards the panel to be tested. This ensures that the test load will be evenly distributed. It shall be considered that the side parts of the bladder will allow enough expansion in order not to re

45、strict the panel deflection under test load. To support the bladder at the side opposite to the panel sheet, a solid panel of the same size as the bladder and an adequate number of struts shall be used. The struts shall be fixed outside the ULD, i.e., at the test fixture. If necessary, clearance hol

46、es in the accordant panel sheets can be used. The necessary air pressure to constitute the required test load is a function of the area of the bladder. For measuring the air pressure, only calibrated and inspected instruments shall be used. See Appendix A for typical test setup and physical test. Ne

47、cessary pressure = Required test load / Bladder footprint. 3.2.5 Hydraulic Systems Hydraulic systems are ideally used for load application limited to specific key interface points. It can also be used when having different forces at the specific key interface replicating the CG eccentricity. An offs

48、et lever arrangement utilizing a single hydraulic source can optionally be used. The force shall not be supported by the ULD, but at the test fixture. For measuring the hydraulic pressure, only calibrated and inspected instruments shall be used. See Appendix B for examples of testing with hydraulic

49、systems. 4. PHYSICAL TESTING 4.1 General Depending on material used, applicable environmental criteria (temperature, humidity, etc.) should be taken into consideration. 4.1.1 Environmental Conditions Depending on materials used, applicable environmental criteria (temperature, humidity, etc.) should be taken into consideration. See RTCA DO-160 and, for textile materials, AIR1490. 4.1.2 Materials Materials ultimate