SAE AS 210-2014 Definition of Commonly Used Day Types (Atmospheric Ambient Temperature Characteristics Versus Pressure Altitude)《常用日类型定义(大气环境温度特性与压力高度对比)》.pdf

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5、nly Used Day Types (Atmospheric Ambient Temperature Characteristics Versus Pressure Altitude) RATIONALE Due to the stability of this document and prompted by industry request, this document is to become an Aerospace Standard.“Hot Day”, “Tropical Day”, “Standard Day”, “Polar Day”, and “Cold Day” are

6、part of the lexicon of the aircraft industry. These terms are generally understood to refer to specific, generally accepted characteristics of atmospheric temperature versus pressure altitude. There are also other, less well-known days, defined by their frequency of occurrence, such as “1% Hot Day”,

7、 “10% Cold Day”, or “Highest Recorded Day”. These temperature characteristics have their origins in multiple sources, including U.S. military specifications which are no longer in force. These day types find their most frequent application in aircraft and propulsion system computer simulations. They

8、 do not impose any requirements on system design, but rather form a common frame of reference for defining the conditions under which various types of analyses are to be performed. Day types provide both a convenient mechanism for setting up computer program input and a convenient shorthand for disc

9、ussing operational environment. This document is intended to preserve the commonly used day types in an accessible form for future use, make recommendations for their consistent usage, and collect the data in a single format. SAE INTERNATIONAL AS210 Page 2 of 70 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 31.1 Purpo

10、se . 31.2 Field of Application 32. REFERENCES 32.1 Applicable Documents 32.2 Applicable References 33. DEFINITIONS . 44. SOURCES AND ANALYSIS . 44.1 History . 44.2 Accuracy, Precision, and Round-off 54.3 Days Derived from MIL-STD-210A . 54.3.1 Cold Day . 64.3.2 Hot Day . 64.3.3 Polar Day 64.3.4 Trop

11、ical Day 64.4 Days Derived from MIL-STD-210C, MIL-HDBK-310 74.4.1 Highest Recorded Day 74.4.2 Lowest Recorded Day . 74.4.3 1% Hot Day . 74.4.4 1% Cold Day . 74.4.5 5% Hot Day, 10% Hot Day, 20% Hot Day 74.4.6 5% Cold Day, 10% Cold Day, 20% Cold Day . 74.5 Standard Day 85. RECOMMENDATIONS . 85.1 Days

12、Derived from MIL-STD-210A . 95.2 Days Derived from MIL-STD-210C / MIL-HDBK-310 . 136. NOTES 18APPENDIX A DATA EXTRACTED FROM SOURCE DOCUMENTS (WITH ALTERATIONS AS NOTED) . 19APPENDIX B PLOTS OF ALL DAY TYPES 56APPENDIX C THE FLAVORS OF ALTITUDE . 62TABLE 1 ABBREVIATED COLD DAY BASED ON MIL-STD-210A

13、TABLE II . 10TABLE 2 ABBREVIATED HOT DAY BASED ON MIL-STD-210A TABLE III 11TABLE 3 ABBREVIATED POLAR DAY BASED ON MIL-STD-210A TABLE IV . 12TABLE 4 ABBREVIATED TROPICAL DAY BASED ON MIL-STD-210A, CHANGE NOTICE 1, TABLE V 12TABLE 5 HIGHEST RECORDED DAY BASED ON MIL-HDBK-310 PARAGRAPH 5.3.1.1.1 13TABL

14、E 6 LOWEST RECORDED DAY BASED ON MIL-HDBK-310 PARAGRAPH 5.3.1.2.1 . 14TABLE 7 1% HOT DAY BASED ON MIL-HDBK-310 PARAGRAPH 5.3.1.1.2 14TABLE 8 1% COLD DAY BASED ON MIL-HDBK-310 PARAGRAPH 5.3.1.2.2 . 15TABLE 9 5% HOT DAY BASED ON MIL-HDBK-310 TABLE XIX . 15TABLE 10 10% HOT DAY BASED ON MIL-HDBK-310 TAB

15、LE XIX . 16TABLE 11 20% HOT DAY BASED ON MIL-HDBK-310 TABLE XIX . 16TABLE 12 5% COLD DAY BASED ON MIL-HDBK-310 TABLE XX 17TABLE 13 10% COLD DAY BASED ON MIL-HDBK-310 TABLE XX 17TABLE 14 20% COLD DAY BASED ON MIL-HDBK-310 TABLE XX 18SAE INTERNATIONAL AS210 Page 3 of 70 1. SCOPE “Hot Day”, “Tropical D

16、ay”, “Standard Day”, “Polar Day”, and “Cold Day” are part of the lexicon of the aircraft industry. These terms are generally understood to refer to specific, generally accepted characteristics of atmospheric temperature versus pressure altitude. There are also other, less well-known days, defined by

17、 their frequency of occurrence, such as “1% Hot Day”, “10% Cold Day”, or “Highest Recorded Day”. These temperature characteristics have their origins in multiple sources, including U.S. military specifications which are no longer in force. 1.1 Purpose This document is intended to preserve the common

18、ly used day types in an accessible form for future use, make recommendations for their consistent usage, and collect the data in a single format. 1.2 Field of Application These day types find their most frequent application in aircraft and propulsion system computer simulations. They do not impose a

19、ny requirements on system design, but rather form a common frame of reference for defining the conditions under which various types of analyses are to be performed. Day types provide both a convenient mechanism for setting up computer program input and a convenient shorthand for discussing operation

20、al environment. For example, an airframe company might request engine data on a Hot Day to determine hot-day aircraft payload or range capability. Except for Standard Day, the source data for this document covers a pressure altitude range from sea level to either 100000 feet (30.48 km) or 30 km (984

21、25 feet), depending on the source. All tables in Section 5 have been extended to -2000 feet. (The ambient pressure at -2000 feet is higher than the highest barometer reading ever recorded at sea level.) The tables in Appendix A have not been extended. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents There are

22、 no other publications which form a part of this document. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has

23、 been obtained. 2.2 Applicable References The following documents contain material relevant to the subject area of this document, but do not form a part of this document. While some of the military specifications listed are no longer in force, they are still available from various document services.

24、 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 MIL-STD-210 Climatic Extremes for Military Equipment, 1 June, 1953 MIL-STD-210A Climatic Extremes for Military Equipment, 2 August, 1957 MIL-STD-210A Change Notice 1, Climatic Extremes for Military Equipment, 30 November, 1958 MIL-STD-210B Climatic Extremes for Milita

25、ry Equipment, 15 December, 1973 MIL-STD-210C Climatic Information to Determine Design and Test Requirements for Military Systems and Equipment, 9 January, 1987 MIL-HDBK-310 Global Climatic Data for Developing Military Products, 23 June, 1997 MIL-STD-3013 Glossary of Definitions, Ground Rules, and Mi

26、ssion Profiles to Define Air Vehicle Performance Capability, 14 February, 2003 SAE INTERNATIONAL AS210 Page 4 of 70 3. DEFINITIONS Day type A named characteristic of ambient air temperature as a function of pressure altitude Standard Day The day type derived from U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 Cold

27、Day The day type derived from MIL-STD-210A “Cold Atmosphere” Hot Day The day type derived from MIL-STD-210A “Hot Atmosphere” Polar Day The day type derived from MIL-STD-210A “Polar Atmosphere” Tropical Day The day type derived from MIL-STD-210A “Tropical Atmosphere” 1% Hot (Cold) Day The day types d

28、erived from MIL-STD-210C / MIL-HDBK-310 “Frequency of Occurrence. Temperatures (1-percent values)” 5% Hot (Cold) Day The day types derived from MIL-STD-210C / MIL-HDBK-310 “Frequency of Occurrence. Temperatures (5-percent values)” 10% Hot (Cold) Day The day types derived from MIL-STD-210C / MIL-HDBK

29、-310 “Frequency of Occurrence. Temperatures (10-percent values)” 20% Hot (Cold) Day The day types derived from MIL-STD-210C / MIL-HDBK-310 “Frequency of Occurrence. Temperatures (20-percent values)” Highest Recorded Day The day type derived from MIL-STD-210C / MIL-HDBK-310 “Highest Recorded” Lowest

30、Recorded Day The day type derived from MIL-STD-210C / MIL-HDBK-310 “Lowest Recorded” Geopotential altitude The equivalent height of an object if gravity were constant at the mean-sea-level, 45-degree-north-latitude, value (see Appendix C). Pressure altitude There is a unique relationship between pre

31、ssure and geopotential altitude on a standard day. The standard day temperature profile is implicit in the relationship. If the standard day pressure-altitude relationship is used to infer altitude from pressure, the result is called pressure altitude. On a standard day, geopotential altitude and pr

32、essure altitude are identical. On a non-standard day, pressure altitude is the standard-day geopotential altitude which corresponds to the local ambient pressure (see Appendix C). 4. SOURCES AND ANALYSIS 4.1 History In the altitude range of interest, the standard atmosphere has been unchanged since

33、the publication of the “U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976”. MIL-STD-210 introduced the concept of climatic extremes in 1953. It established an operational ambient temperature range requirement of -65 to 125 F. In 1957, MIL-STD-210A introduced Cold, Hot, Polar, and Tropical Day tables of temperature ver

34、sus altitude. Tropical Day was revised in MIL-STD-210A Change Notice 1. The Polar and Tropical Day tables are hydrodynamically consistent. That is, the pressure at a given altitude is the result of integrating with respect to geopotential altitude while accounting for thedensity variation with tempe

35、rature at all lower altitudes (see Appendix C). The Cold and Hot Day tables are not hydrodynamically consistent. SAE INTERNATIONAL AS210 Page 5 of 70 Tables of Highest (Lowest) Recorded temperatures and 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% risk temperatures first appeared in MIL-STD-210B in 1973. There were two set

36、s of tables, one for “Naval Air Environment” and one for “World-wide Air Environment”. Cold, Hot, Polar, and Tropical Day definitions did not appear in MIL-STD-210B. MIL-STD-210C, issued in 1987, eliminated the separate “Naval Air Environment” tables, and revised and extended all the other tables to

37、 at least 30 km pressure altitude. MIL-HDBK-310 replaced MIL-STD-210C in 1997. The climatic temperature data in MIL-HDBK-310 is the same as that in MIL-STD-210C. MIL-STD-3013, published in 2003, provides a table of Standard Day conditions to 150000 feet altitude, and re-publishes Polar and Tropical

38、Day tables with more significant digits than the MIL-STD-210A versions. Tropical Day in MIL-STD-3013 reverts to the original MIL-STD-210A table; not to Change Notice 1. 4.2 Accuracy, Precision, and Round-off Computers make very precise calculations, carrying a large number of significant digits thro

39、ugh all calculations. This is absolutely necessary for repeatability. However, the results may well only be accurate to 2 or 3 significant digits. The results of calculations are generally rounded off in documentation; sometimes rigorously to the number of significant digits justified by the accurac

40、y of the underlying data, but more often to an arbitrary fixed number of places after the decimal point. And in the era before the advent of calculators, digital computers, and spreadsheets, human errors crept into the published tabulations. The source materials for this document exhibit all these i

41、ssues in the columns of data that are rendered in different units. There are obvious errors; small, unexplained discrepancies; unjustified significant digits; and imprecise conversions among units. A computer program which enters the tables with altitude in meters and reads temperature in C is going

42、 to produce slightly different results from one which enters the tables with altitude in feet and reads temperature in F, for example. There are two sets of tables in this document. Those in the appendices repeat the data as given in the source documents, but with the correction of apparent typograp

43、hical errors. All such corrections are footnoted. The tables in Section 5, on the other hand, are modified to improve their repeatability. This typically involves adding significant digits that are not mathematically justified. Section 5 also provides recommendations for using the tables in computer

44、 programs. In analyzing the tables to identify typographical errors and inaccuracies, a number of attempts were made to “reverse engineer” the tables. For example, one can assume temperatures in C are exact, convert to F and R, and compare to the values in the source tables. One may then assume F is

45、 exact, and repeat the process. No combination of assumptions, conversions, and round-off was found to exactly reproduce the tables. The approaches described in 4.3 and 4.4 produced the fewest discrepancies between calculated results and the source tables. 4.3 Days Derived from MIL-STD-210A The MIL-

46、STD-210A source tables have columns for pressure altitude in feet, geopotential altitude in feet, and temperature in F, R, and C. (As well as other parameters that are not relevant to the purpose of this document.) Due to roundoff, the temperature conversions are not exact. With some exceptions, the

47、 temperatures in the tables can be reproduced by assuming F is exact and applying the conversions R = F + 459.7 (Inexact; the exact conversion is 459.67) C = (F - 32) / 1.8 (Exact) and rounding to the nearest tenth of a degree. Some of the exceptions are typographical errors, and are noted below. Ma

48、ny of the exceptions are discrepancies of 0.1 C, and are unexplained. SAE INTERNATIONAL AS210 Page 6 of 70 The temperature characteristics are piece-wise linear with respect to geopotential altitude. The end points of the various linear regimes will be referred to as altitude break points in the fol

49、lowing discussion. It is important to note that the temperature characteristics are not piecewise linear with respect to pressure altitude. Thus one may use linear interpolation between the altitude break points with respect to geopotential altitude and match the table values with good accuracy (0.2 F), but linear interpolation between the altitude break points with respect to pressure altitude introduces errors of up to 3.9