NEMA SB 20-2015 Guide to Understanding Smoke Control Systems.pdf

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1、NEMA Standards PublicationNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationNEMA SB 20-2015Guide to UnderstandingSmoke Control SystemsNEMA Standards Publication SB 20-2015 Guide to Understanding Smoke Control Systems Published by: National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suit

2、e 900 Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 www.nema.org 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights. including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and

3、Pan American copyright conventions. 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of persons engaged in the development and approval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensu

4、s does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person participating in the development of this document. NEMA standards and guideline publications, of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a voluntary consensus standards development process. Thi

5、s process brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication. While NEMA administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not write the document and it does not indep

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8、d makes no warranty that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs. NEMA does not undertake to guarantee the performance of any individual manufacturer or sellers products or services by virtue of this standard or guide. In publishing and making this docu

9、ment available, NEMA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as ap

10、propriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Information and other standards on the topic covered by this publication may be available from other sources, which the user may wish to consult for additional views or i

11、nformation not covered by this publication. NEMA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. NEMA does not certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for safety or health purposes. Any certification or other statement of

12、compliance with any health- or safety-related information in this document shall not be attributable to NEMA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement. NEMA SB 20-2015 Page i 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Foreword This guide is intended to offer

13、 a general understanding of smoke control systems to individuals who have a need or desire for solid basic information, but who do not need the in-depth knowledge necessary to design smoke control systems. Proposed or recommended revisions should be submitted to: Senior Technical Director, Operation

14、s National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 900 Rosslyn, Virginia 22209 www.nema.org About the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA): NEMA is the association of electrical equipment and medical imaging manufacturers, headquartered in Rosslyn, Virginia

15、, just outside of Washington, D.C. Its member companies manufacture diverse products, including power transmission and distribution equipment, lighting systems, factory automation and control systems, and medical diagnostic imaging systems. Worldwide annual sales of NEMA-scope products exceed $120 b

16、illion. NEMA is divided into eight divisions: Industrial Automation, Lighting Equipment, Building Equipment, Insulating Materials, Wire and Cable, Power Equipment, and Diagnostic Imaging and Therapy Systems. Within these divisions are more than 50 product-specific sections. The Signaling Section is

17、one such section in the Electronics Division. Founded in 1926, NEMA develops standards for the electrical manufacturing industry and is one of the leading standards development organizations in the world, contributing to the marketplace and helping to ensure public safety. About the NEMA Fire, Life

18、Safety, Security and Emergency Communication Section (3SB): The objective of the section is to serve as the principal source of technical, training, and educational materials essential for the specification and manufacture of reliable life safety products, as well as their installation, performance,

19、 and inspection. The section currently represents 30 US, U.K., and Japanese manufacturers in support of the automatic fire detection and alarm industry and the health care communications industry. Fire detection and alarm products include life safety/fire alarm systems and devices that provide early

20、 warning of an impending or actual fire or gaseous hazard. The products detect, notify, and initiate control functions in case of hazard to life or property. For more information on NEMA, go to www.nema.org. For more information on the Signaling Section, go to www.nema.org/prod/elec/sig. NEMA SB 20-

21、2015 Page ii 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Contents Foreword i Section 1 General . 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose . 1 1.3 Standards That Apply . 1 Section 2 How Did Smoke Control Come to Be? 2 Section 3 Current Codes and Standards for Smoke Control Systems and Equipment 4 Section 4 B

22、uilding Systems that Participate in Smoke Control 5 Section 5 Methods of Activation and Differences in Response 6 Section 6 Design Objectives for Smoke Control Systems . 8 Section 7 System Integrity and Reliability . 9 Section 8 Performance RequirementsDifferences Between Codes and Standards 11 Sect

23、ion 9 Acceptance Testing of Smoke Control Systems 12 Section 10 Special Considerations . 13 Annex A References . 14 NEMA SB 20-2015 Page 1 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Section 1 GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE This guide covers activation, operation, and testing requirements for smoke contro

24、l systems in all types of buildings. 1.2 PURPOSE This document was developed to provide readers with an understanding of the purpose and general operational requirements for smoke control systems and to allow the reader to identify appropriate test methods based on the specific design objectives of

25、each system. It should also provide an understanding of how smoke control systems deliver the reliability necessary for a life safety system, using an approach that is different from what readers might be familiar with from other types of life safety systems. 1.3 STANDARDS THAT APPLY Several importa

26、nt documents define the requirements concerning performance, application, and installation of smoke control systems: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1 Batterymarch Park Quincy, MA 02269 NFPA 92 Standard for Smoke-Control Systems, 2012 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) 333 Pfingsten Roa

27、d Northbrook, IL 60062 UL 864 Standard for Control Units and Accessories for Fire Alarm Systems, 2014 International Code Council (ICC) 500 New Jersey Avenue, NW, 6th Floor Washington, DC 20001 International Building Code, 2012 NEMA SB 20-2015 Page 2 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association

28、 Section 2 HOW DID SMOKE CONTROL COME TO BE? As building automation systems became more common in the 1970s and 80s, people started thinking that rather than just shutting off the fans and closing the dampers in a building when a fire was detected, the building automation system could be used to pro

29、vide beneficial functions during a fire. In the 1980s, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) created a Smoke Management Committee to develop a Recommended Practice that would describe how building automation systems could be used to extend the time available for people to exit a building d

30、uring a fire. The document developed by this committee was published in 1988 as NFPA 92A, Recommended Practice for Smoke Control Systems. NFPA 92A described methods that could be used to minimize the spread of smoke during a fire by using fans and dampers to create pressure differences to largely co

31、ntain the smoke to the area of origin and minimize smoke spread to other parts of the building. This approach came to be known as the “pressure sandwich” approach and is also referred to as “zoned smoke control.” NFPA 92A also described a hierarchy of priorities that the building control system shou

32、ld use to determine what to do when confronted with conflicting inputs from the normal heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) operation; automatically activated signals from a fire alarm system; manual inputs from building personnel; and manual inputs from the fire service. In the late 19

33、80s, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. began developing requirements that would be used to investigate control equipment that could implement the recommended functions described in NFPA 92A. The resulting requirements called for evaluating the equipment to the same hardware reliability standards that w

34、ere used to evaluate fire alarm systems, and to evaluate operation of the equipment according to the recommendations of NFPA 92A, including implementation of the response priority hierarchy. In 1989, UL issued its first listing under the category “Smoke Control System Equipment,” with the assigned C

35、ategory Control Number of “UUKL.” “Smoke Control System Equipment” became the fifth product category whose requirements were placed under the umbrella of UL 864, Standard for Control Units and Accessories for Fire Alarm Systems. In 1991, NFPA published another document describing optional usage of b

36、uilding automation systems to extend the time available for occupants to exit a building. This document, published as NFPA 92B, Guide for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Areas, focused on protecting large, non-compartmented spaces. It provided equations for calculating the amount

37、 of smoke produced from a fire, as well as guidelines for determining appropriate fan sizes to exhaust the smoke from these large areas to prevent the smoke from descending to occupied levels. Over the years, all of these documents were revised multiple times. As more systems that implemented their

38、recommendations were installed, more was learned about what could be done to further benefit building occupants during a fire, and additional recommendations and refinements were added. By the early 2000s, the NFPA Smoke Management Committee felt that enough was known about the science of fire and s

39、moke development, and what a building control system could and should do to enhance life safety for building occupants, that they decided to convert NFPA 92A and NFPA 92B into standards. Both were completely rewritten in mandatory language, and any previous content that constituted recommendations b

40、eyond minimum requirements was moved to their annexes. In 2000, the revised document on smoke control systems was released as NFPA 92A, Standard for Smoke Control Systems Utilizing Barriers and Pressure Differences. In 2005, the revised document for smoke management systems was released as NFPA 92B,

41、 Standard for Smoke Management Systems in Malls, Atria, and Large Spaces. With these documents now written in mandatory language, it became possible for them to be referenced by building codes. In 2012, in order to remove confusion about which document NEMA SB 20-2015 Page 3 2015 National Electrical

42、 Manufacturers Association applied and to ensure there were no conflicting requirements in buildings that contained both types of systems, NFPA 92A and NFPA 92B were consolidated into a single document titled NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke Control Systems. The content of NFPA 92 is fundamentally identi

43、cal to the content in the two source documents, except that all systems described in the document, regardless of the method used to modify the movement of smoke, are now called smoke control systems. Where requirements differ by objective or method used, they are called out, specifically using the t

44、erms “smoke containment systems,” “zoned smoke control systems,” or “smoke management systems” (to describe systems formerly covered by NFPA 92B). What started out 25 years ago as a couple of documents containing recommendations for how a building automation system that was already in a building mig

45、ht be used to provide some benefit during a fire, has now evolved to the degree that this operation is required in buildings over a certain size or containing certain types of occupancy. NEMA SB 20-2015 Page 4 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Section 3 CURRENT CODES AND STANDARDS F

46、OR SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT In North America today, smoke control systems are regulated by just a few codes and standards, primarily UL 864, NFPA 92, and the International Building Code (IBC). Requirements for the products themselves are contained in UL 864, specifically under category UU

47、KL. As stated earlier, the hardware requirements for smoke control equipment in UL 864 are essentially the same as for fire alarm equipment, but the functional requirements align with the control features described in NFPA 92, rather than dealing with detection and annunciation. It is important to n

48、ote that smoke control systems must be listed specifically under category UUKL. Other category listings available under UL 864 do not include evaluation of control functions or they evaluate only the ability to release doors or extinguishing agents. Only products listed under category UUKL are evalu

49、ated for the full control logic capabilities required of a smoke control system. Manufacturers are not required to submit their equipment for this listing, but if they do not, the equipment cannot be used where this listing is required by the building code. NFPA 92 contains sections describing design fundamentals, functional performance, the hierarchy of control priorities, reliability, and testing requirements for pressurization-type and airflow-type smoke control systems. Functional performance, reliability, and testing requirements can differ by the type of system. For al