[医学类试卷]2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）及答案与解析.doc

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1、2017 年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）及答案与解析一、Section A1 Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to_ the problem.（A）affiliate（B） alleviate（C） aggravate（D）accelerate2 An allergy results when the body have a(n)_reaction to certain substances introduced to it.（A）spontaneou

2、s（B） negative（C） adverse（D）prompt3 Diabetes is one of the most_and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（A）crucial（B） virulent（C） colossal（D）prevalent4 Generally, vaccine makers_the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.（A）penetrate（B） designate（C） gen

3、erate（D）exaggerate5 Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate joints and_toxins and impurities.（A）screen out（B） knock out（C） flush out（D）rule out6 Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotels of_standards.（A）equivalent（B） likely（C） a

4、like（D）uniform7 Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have_effects on bones.（A）adverse（B） prevalent（C） instant（D）purposeful8 According to the Geneva_no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（A）Customs（B） Congresses（C） Conventions（D）Routines9 Environmental officials insist that

5、 something be done to_acid rain.（A）curb（B） sue（C） detoxify（D）condemn10 It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen_, and it will not be a long process.（A）spontaneously（B） simultaneously（C） principally（D）approximately二、Section B11 The patients condition has worsened since l

6、ast night.（A）improved（B） returned（C） deteriorated（D）changed12 Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when its lit up.（A）decorated（B） illustrated（C） illuminated（D）entertained13 Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.（A）local（B） un

7、familiar（C） good（D）unfavorable14 Inform the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy.（A）uneasy（B） sleepy（C） guilty（D）fiery15 The period from 3, 000 to 1, 000 B. C. E. , when the use of bronze became common, is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.（A）obvious（B） significant（C） necessar

8、y（D）widespread16 Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（A）crucial（B） virulent（C） colossal（D）widespread17 Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.（A）a matter of（B） a body of（C） plenty of（D）sort of18 Many questions about es

9、trogens effects remain to be elucidated, and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.（A）implicated（B） implied（C） illuminated（D）initiated19 The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.（A）fault（B） deviation（C） discre

10、tion（D）discrepancy20 The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.（A）sufficient（B） plentiful（C） adequate（D）countable三、Part Cloze20 It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (O

11、ne theory behind the 1918 versions sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】_could provide clues to 【C2】_the next

12、 potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】_H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】_human

13、s in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious【C5】_occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only【C6 】_cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for t

14、reatment【C7】_compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly 50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according to a 2006 estimate. H5N1s saving grace and the only reason were not running around masked up in publi

15、c right now is that the strain doesnt jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】_its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be explodin

16、g, with labs【C9】_the viruss molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】_to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.21 【C1 】（A）interact（B） interface（C） connection（D）contamination22 【C2 】（A）stopping（B） stopped（C） have stopped（D）stop23 【C3

17、】（A）contacted（B） contracted（C） concentrated（D）infected24 【C4 】（A）on（B） in（C） of（D）with25 【C5 】（A）breakout（B） take place（C） happen（D）outbreak26 【C6 】（A）accounts（B） numbers（C） counts（D）takes27 【C7 】（A）Moreover（B） Still（C） Furthermore（D）Thereafter28 【C8 】（A）given（B） giving（C） to give（D）speaking of29 【C

18、9 】（A）parsing（B） parsed（C） to parse（D）having parsed30 【C10 】（A）presently（B） potentially（C） potently（D）importantly四、Part Reading Comprehension30 If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your lifeand not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pne

19、umonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable have these one-time wonder drugs become. Modern medicine relies on antibiotics not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Ye

20、t now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past weve always developed new ones that killed them again. Not this time. Infections that onc

21、e succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25, 000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic. Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnin

22、gs about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world not just in medical

23、facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica (南极洲) . How did we reach this point without viable successors to todays increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company

24、has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isnt much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but cant reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them. This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencie

25、s, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics although there may be a wo

26、rryingly long wait before they reach the market. One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but dont otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs con

27、fers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance. Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the

28、way we have neglected simple antibiotic R in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. “Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality, “ says Dr. Lotto. “What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what

29、 the human race has experienced through its history, “This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the “R“ and the “L“ sound. T

30、his arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. “Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. Its not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference. “Dr. Lottos experiment

31、s are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. “Yes, my work is idea-driven, “ he says. “But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I dont believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You ha

32、ve to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology. “46 What does the word “them“ in the first paragraph refer to?（A）Human senses.（B） The fallibility of senses.（C） Revealing capacity.（D）Optical illusions. 47 According to the passage, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto

33、?（A）Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.（B） Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines such as art, neurology, natural history and phi

34、losophy.（C） Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitions in the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.（D）Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural

35、 history and philosophy. 48 Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr. Lottos study?（A）People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world, to a great measure, is created and shaped by human brain.（B） People should never believe their senses for what they see, hear

36、, feel, and the truth may be contrary to the photographic image of the world.（C） People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporary forms of the world, which varies in accordance with contexts.（D）People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them a

37、s what they see is actually created by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences. 49 According to Dr. Lotto, what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background?（A）It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter

38、against a dark background than being against a light one.（B） Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.（C） It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.（D）Because the co

39、ntext in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter. 50 Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?（A）Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment and the brain itself function together.（B） Both idea-driven and tech

40、nique-driven are popular research methods in research study in neuroscience.（C） People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated from human body.（D）Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the research is carried out in prope

41、r natural context. 50 The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400, 000 surgeries nationwide last yeartriple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, inclu

42、ding several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldnt let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table.

43、 Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm?Some doctors say yes, concerned that the “wow“ factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promot

44、e robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot. The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and tran

45、splanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robot hands dont shake. Advocates say patien

46、ts sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions. But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey

47、 of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now “is the increase in number of reports received“ about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths. Whether there tr

48、uly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldnt quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors arent required to report such things; device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geo

49、ff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they dont train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that its up to hospitals and surgeons to decide “if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. “A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at u