ITU-R M 1464-2-2015 Characteristics of non-meteorological radiolocation radars and characteristics and protection criteria for sharing studies for aeronautical radionavigation and ati.pdf

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1、 Recommendation ITU-R M.1464-2 (02/2015) Characteristics of non-meteorological radiolocation radars, and characteristics and protection criteria for sharing studies for aeronautical radionavigation and radars in the radiodetermination service operating in the frequency band 2 700-2 900 MHz M Series

2、Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services ii Rec. ITU-R M.1464-2 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite serv

3、ices, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study

4、 Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available f

5、rom http:/www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Recommendations (Also available online at http:/www.itu.int/publ/R-REC/en) Series Title B

6、O Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote

7、sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management SNG Satellite news gathering TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions V Vocabulary and related subje

8、cts Note: This ITU-R Recommendation was approved in English under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. Electronic Publication Geneva, 2015 ITU 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without written permission of ITU. Rec. ITU-R M.14

9、64-2 3 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R M.1464-2 Characteristics of non-meteorological radiolocation radars, and characteristics and protection criteria for sharing studies for aeronautical radionavigation and radars in the radiodetermination service operating in the frequency band 2 700-2 900 MHz (2000-2003-20

10、15) Scope This Recommendation should be used for performing analyses between systems operating in the radiodetermination service and systems operating in other services. It should not be used for radar to radar analyses. Keywords Aeronautical, Radionavigation, Protection Criteria, Characteristics Ab

11、breviations/Glossary AESA Active electronically scanned array ATC Air traffic control CFAR Constant false alarm rate CPIs coherent processing intervals CW Carrier wave MLT Mean level threshold PESA Passive electronically scanned array PPS Pulses per second PRF Pulse repetition frequency QPSK Quadrat

12、ure phase shift keying STC Sensitivity time control TDMA Time division multiple access TWT Travelling wave tube The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that antenna, signal propagation, target detection, and large necessary bandwidth characteristics of radar required to achieve their fun

13、ctions are optimum in certain frequency bands; b) that the technical characteristics of aeronautical radionavigation and non-meteorological radars are determined by the mission of the system and vary widely even within a frequency band; c) that the radionavigation service is a safety service as spec

14、ified by No. 4.10 of the Radio Regulations (RR) and harmful interference to it cannot be accepted; 4 Rec. ITU-R M.1464-2 d) that considerable radiolocation and radionavigation spectrum allocations (amounting to about 1 GHz) have been removed or downgraded since WARC-79; e) that some ITU-R technical

15、groups are considering the potential for the introduction of new types of systems (e.g. fixed wireless access and high density fixed and mobile systems) or services in frequency bands between 420 MHz and 34 GHz used by radionavigation and meteorological radars; f) that representative technical and o

16、perational characteristics of radionavigation and meteorological radars are required to determine the feasibility of introducing new types of systems into frequency bands in which the latter are operated; g) that procedures and methodologies are needed to analyse compatibility between radionavigatio

17、n and meteorological radars and systems in other services; h) that ground-based radars used for meteorological purposes are authorized to operate in this band on a basis of equality with stations in the aeronautical radionavigation service (see RR No. 5.423); i) that Recommendation ITU-R M.1849 cont

18、ains technical and operational aspects of ground based meteorological radars and can be used as a guideline in analysing sharing and compatibility between ground based meteorological radars with systems in other services; j) that radars in this frequency band are employed for airfield surveillance w

19、hich is a critical safety service at airfields, providing collision avoidance guidance to aircraft during approach and landing. Aviation regulatory authorities ensure and preserve safety and impose mandatory standards for minimum performance and service degradation, recognizing 1 that the protection

20、 criteria depend on the specific types of interfering signals such as those described in Annexes 2 and 3; 2 that the application of protection criteria requires consideration for inclusion of the statistical nature of the criteria and other elements of the methodology for performing compatibility st

21、udies (e.g. antenna scanning and propagation path loss). Further development of these statistical considerations may be incorporated into future revisions of this and other related Recommendations, as appropriate, recommends 1 that the technical and operational characteristics of the aeronautical ra

22、dionavigation radars described in Annex 1 be considered representative of those operating in the frequency band 2 700-2 900 MHz; 2 that Recommendation ITU-R M.1461 be used as a guideline in analysing the compatibility between aeronautical radionavigation and meteorological radars with systems in oth

23、er services; 3 that the protection trigger level for aeronautical radionavigation radars be based on Annex 2, in particular 4, for assessing compatibility with interfering signal types from other services representative of those in Annex 2. These protection criteria represent the aggregate protectio

24、n level if multiple interferers are present. NOTE 1 This Recommendation will be revised as more detailed information becomes available. Rec. ITU-R M.1464-2 5 Annex 1 Characteristics of aeronautical radionavigation and non-meteorological radiolocation radars 1 Introduction The frequency band 2 700-2

25、900 MHz is allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service on a primary basis and the radiolocation service on a secondary basis. Ground-based radars used for meteorological purposes are authorized to operate in this frequency band on a basis of equality with stations in the aeronautical radio

26、navigation service (see RR No. 5.423). The frequency band 2 900-3 100 MHz is allocated to the radionavigation and radiolocation services on a primary basis. The frequency band 3 100-3 400 MHz is allocated to the radiolocation service on a primary basis. The aeronautical radionavigation radars are us

27、ed for air traffic control (ATC) at airports, and perform a safety service (see RR No. 4.10). Indications are that this is the dominant frequency band for terminal approach/airport surveillance radars for civil air traffic worldwide. 2 Technical characteristics The frequency band 2 700-2 900 MHz is

28、used by several different types of radars on land-based fixed and transportable platforms. Functions performed by radar systems in the frequency band include ATC and weather observation. Radar operating frequencies can be assumed to be uniformly spread throughout the frequency band 2 700-2 900 MHz.

29、The majority of systems use more than one frequency to achieve the benefits of frequency diversity. Two frequencies are very common and the use of four is not unknown. Table 1 contains technical characteristics of representative aeronautical radionavigation radars deployed in the frequency band 2 70

30、0-2 900 MHz. This information is sufficient for general calculation to assess the compatibility between these radars and other systems. 2.1 Transmitters The radars operating in the frequency band 2 700-2 900 MHz use continuous wave (CW) pulses and frequency modulated (chirped) pulses. Cross-field, l

31、inear beam and solid state output devices are used in the final stages of the transmitters. The trend in new radar systems is toward linear beam and solid state output devices due to the requirement of Doppler signal processing. Also, the radars deploying solid state output devices have lower transm

32、itter peak output power and higher pulsed duty cycles approaching 10%. There is also a trend towards radionavigation radar systems that use frequency diversity. Typical transmitter RF emission bandwidths of radars operating in the frequency band 2 700-2 900 MHz range from 66 kHz to 6 MHz. Transmitte

33、r peak output powers range from 22 kW (73.4 dBm) for solid state transmitters, 70 kW (78.5 dBm) for travelling wave tube (TWT) systems, to 1.4 MW (91.5 dBm) for high power radars using klystrons and magnetrons. In the high peak power systems it is normal to have a single transmitter per frequency an

34、d these tend to have narrow-band output stages. The lower peak power systems using TWTs or solid state have single transmitters capable of multifrequency operation. They thus have wideband output stages capable of multifrequency use. 6 Rec. ITU-R M.1464-2 TABLE 1 Characteristics of aeronautical radi

35、onavigation radars in the frequency band 2 700-2 900 MHz Characteristics Units Radar A Radar B Radar C Radar D Radar E Radar F Platform type (airborne, shipborne, ground) Ground, ATC Tuning range MHz 2 700-2 900(1) Modulation P0N P0N, Q3N P0N P0N, Q3N P0N, Q3N Transmitter power into antenna(2) kW 1

36、400 1 320 25 450 22 70 Pulse width s 0.6 1.03 1.0, 89(3) 1.0 1.0, 55.0 0.4, 20 0.5, 27(4) Pulse rise/fall time s 0.15-0.2 0.5/0.32 (short pulse) 0.7/1 (long pulse) 0.1 (typical) Pulse repetition rate pps 973-1 040 (selectable 1 059-1 172 722-935 (short impulse) 788-1 050 (long impulse) 1 050 8 sets,

37、 1 031 to 1 080 1 100 840(3) Duty cycle % 0.07 maximum 0.14 maximum 9.34 maximum 0.1 maximum 2 (typical) Chirp bandwidth MHz Not applicable 2 Not applicable 1.3 non-linear FM 2 Phase-coded sub-pulse width Not applicable Compression ratio Not applicable 89 Not applicable 55 40:1 55:1 RF emission band

38、width: 20 dB 3 dB MHz 6 5 0.6 2.6 (short impulse) 5.6 (long impulse) 1.9 3 (valeur type) 2 Output device Klystron Solid state transistors, Class C Magnetron Solid state transistors, Class C TWT Antenna pattern type (pencil, fan, cosecant-squared, etc.) degrees Cosecant-squared +30 Cosecant-squared 6

39、 to +30 Cosecant-squared Enhanced to +40 Antenna type (reflector, phased array, slotted array, etc.) Parabolic reflector Antenna polarization Vertical or left hand circular polarization Vertical or right hand circular polarization Circular or linear Vertical or left hand circular polarization Vertic

40、al or right hand circular polarization Left hand circular Rec. ITU-R M.1464-2 7 TABLE 1 (continued) Characteristics Units Radar A Radar B Radar C Radar D Radar E Radar F Antenna main beam gain dBi 33.5 34 32.8 34.3 low beam 33 high beam 33.5 Antenna elevation beamwidth degrees 4.8 4 4.8 5.0 Antenna

41、azimuthal beamwidth degrees 1.35 1.3 1.45 1.6 1.4 1.5 Antenna horizontal scan rate degrees/s 75 90 75 90 60(4) Antenna horizontal scan type (continuous, random, 360, sector, etc.) 360 Antenna vertical scan rate degrees/s Not applicable Antenna vertical scan type (continuous, random, 360, sector, etc

42、.) degrees Not applicable +2.5 to 2.5 Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Antenna side lobe (SL) levels (1st SLs and remote SLs) dBi +7.3 +9.5 3.5 +7.5 0 to 3 dBi Antenna height m 8 8-24 Receiver IF 3 dB bandwidth MHz 13 0.7 1.1 1.2 4 Receiver noise figure dB 4.0 maximum 3.3 2.7 2.1 2.0 Min

43、imum discernible signal dBm 110 108 110 112 110 typical Receiver front-end 1 dB gain compression point dBm 4 6 14 10 Receiver on-tune saturation level dBm 45 Receiver RF 3 dB bandwidth MHz 13 12 345 400(1) Receiver RF and IF saturation levels and recovery times Doppler filtering bandwidth Hz 95 per

44、bin Interference-rejection features(5) Feedback enhancer (6) Geographical distribution Worldwide Fraction of time in use 100 Platform type (airborne, shipborne, ground) Ground, ATC Ground, ATC Tuning range MHz 2 700-2 900(7) 2 700-2 900(7) Modulation P0N, Q3N P0N, Q3N Transmitter power into antenna(

45、2) 40 kW 160 kW Pulse width s 1.0 (SP) 60.0 (LP) 1.0 (SP) 250.0 (LP) Pulse rise/fall time s 0.2 (SP), 3 (LP) 0.2 (SP), 3 (LP) 8 Rec. ITU-R M.1464-2 TABLE 1 (continued) Characteristics Units Radar F1 Radar F2 Pulse repetition rate pps 320-6 100 (SP) 320-1 300 (LP) (8) 320-4 300 (SP) 320-1 500 (LP) (8

46、) Duty cycle % 0.2(9) -0.6 (SP) 12.0(10) (LP) 0.2(9) -0.4 (SP) 12.0(10) (LP) Chirp bandwidth MHz 3 3 Phase-coded sub-pulse width Not applicable Not applicable Compression ratio 180 750 RF emission bandwidth: 20 dB 3 dB MHz 3.2 (SP) / 5.0 (LP) 0.6 (SP) / 1.2(LP) (11) 3.2 (SP) / 5.0 (LP) 0.6 (SP) / 1.

47、2 (LP) (11) Output device Solid state Solid state Antenna pattern type (pencil, fan, cosecant-squared, etc.) degrees Pencil beam coverage to 70 000 feet Pencil beam coverage to 100 000 feet Antenna type (reflector, phased array, slotted array, etc.) Phased array, 4 faces (4 meter diameter phased arr

48、ay per face) Phased array, 4 faces (8 meter diameter phased array per face) Antenna polarization Linear horizontal and vertical; circular Linear horizontal and vertical; circular Antenna main beam gain dBi 41 46 Antenna elevation beamwidth degrees 1.6-2.7 0.9-1.5 Antenna azimuthal beamwidth degrees

49、1.6-2.7 0.9-1.4 Antenna horizontal scan rate degrees/s Not applicable Not applicable Antenna horizontal scan type (continuous, random, 360, sector, etc.) Irregular to cover 360o Irregular to cover 360o Antenna vertical scan rate degrees/s Not applicable Not applicable Antenna vertical scan type (continuous, random, 360, sector, etc.) degrees Irregular to cover required volume Irregular to cover required volume Antenna side lobe (SL) levels (1st SLs and remote SLs) dB 17 on transmit, 25 on receive 17 on transmit, 25 on receive Antenna height m V