ISA TR100 00 01-2006 The Automation Engineer s Guide to Wireless Technology Part 1 C The Physics of Radio a Tutorial《无线技术自动化工程师指南 第1部分 无线电物理学教程》.pdf
《ISA TR100 00 01-2006 The Automation Engineer s Guide to Wireless Technology Part 1 C The Physics of Radio a Tutorial《无线技术自动化工程师指南 第1部分 无线电物理学教程》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ISA TR100 00 01-2006 The Automation Engineer s Guide to Wireless Technology Part 1 C The Physics of Radio a Tutorial《无线技术自动化工程师指南 第1部分 无线电物理学教程》.pdf(68页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、 NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT This is a copyright document and may not be copied or distributed in any form or manner without the permission of ISA. This copy of the document was made for the sole use of the person to whom ISA provided it and is subject to the restrictions stated in ISAs license to that pers
2、on. It may not be provided to any other person in print, electronic, or any other form. Violations of ISAs copyright will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law and may result in substantial civil and criminal penalties. TECHNICAL REPORT ISA-TR100.00.01-2006 The Automation Engineers Guide to
3、 Wireless Technology Part 1 The Physics of Radio, a Tutorial Approved 29 December 2006 ISA-TR100.00.01-2006 The Automation Engineers Guide to Wireless Technology Part 1 : The Physics of Radio, a Tutorial ISBN: 978-1-934394-09-0 Copyright 2006 by ISA. All rights reserved. Not for resale. Printed in t
4、he United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the Publisher. ISA 67 Alexander Drive P. O. B
5、ox 12277 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 USA 3 ISA-TR100.00.01-2006 Preface This preface, as well as all footnotes and annexes, is included for information purposes and is not part of ISA-TR100.00.01-2006. This document has been prepared as part of the service of ISA towards a goal of u
6、niformity in the field of instrumentation. To be of real value, this document should not be static but should be subject to periodic review. Toward this end, the Society welcomes all comments and criticisms and asks that they be addressed to the Secretary, Standards and Practices Board; ISA; 67 Alex
7、ander Drive; P. O. Box 12277; Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; Telephone (919) 549-8411; Fax (919) 549-8288; E-mail: standardsisa.org. The ISA Standards and Practices Department is aware of the growing need for attention to the metric system of units in general, and the International System of Unit
8、s (SI) in particular, in the preparation of instrumentation standards. The Department is further aware of the benefits to USA users of ISA standards of incorporating suitable references to the SI (and the metric system) in their business and professional dealings with other countries. Toward this en
9、d, this Department will endeavor to introduce SI-acceptable metric units in all new and revised standards, recommended practices, and technical reports to the greatest extent possible. Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, published by the American Soc
10、iety for Testing wireless real time field-to-business systems (e.g., wireless equipment interfacing work order systems, control LAN, business LAN, voice). This covers all industries including fluid processing, material processing, and discrete parts manufacturing environments. Equipment cost will be
11、 an important factor. It is easy to imagine new and useful monitor and control applications which, although not feasible today because of the cost of the wired connections, will become practical when the cost of wireless networks has been reduced sufficiently. The broad scope of these applications s
12、uggests that there is unlikely to be an optimum “one size fits all” wireless solution. The bandwidth, throughput, signal latency (transmission delay), bit error ratio, availability and reliability requirements of a wireless local area network carrying large volumes of file transfer or voice traffic
13、or a link used for real-time control of critical temperature or pressure parameters in a process tank are very different from those of a link used to monitor the water level in a remote reservoir, where only a few bytes may need to be transmitted three or four times a day. This technical report focu
14、ses on radios using the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) and Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) bands. In this technical report where there are references to the ISM bands the UNII bands should also be considered to be included. These bands have certain aspects
15、in common: They are required to comply with regulations set by government agencies, such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States. For example, both transmitter output power and radiated power density are capped, to limit the potential for interference. In general, the reg
16、ulations are very flexible and provide ample scope for developing innovative solutions to wireless communications problems. They are exposed to the constant threat of radio frequency interference from other equipment operating in the same bands. Copyright 2006 ISA. All rights reserved. ISA-TR100.00.
17、01-2006 10 This technical report presents a general tutorial on the basic principles of radio communications, and then discusses the performance of spread spectrum radio systems in the presence of interference from other ISM band users and non-ideal propagation conditions, such as may be expected in
18、 the industrial plant environment. Its objective is to give readers a realistic understanding of how radio links can complement and/or replace wired connections, the factors influencing link range, and the pitfalls for the unwary. Industrial applications for wireless communications range from the re
19、latively non-critical, such as asset monitoring to support preventive maintenance programs, all the way to the highly-critical, involving plant, personnel and public safety. The technical report will show that well-designed radio systems can satisfy these varying needs, but that the associated trade
20、offs of performance vs. security and reliability result in different system solutions for different applications. In general, the radio links analyzed in the technical report are assumed to operate in the ISM bands, and to carry information in the form of digital bit streams. Discussions are limited
21、 to the physical layer and error-control portions of the data-link layer of the seven layer open systems interconnection (OSI) model. Wireless networking concepts are touched on only superficially, in the context of spectrum sharing and spectrum management; further details may be incorporated in a f
22、uture publication. Where examples are given, they are based on the 2.4 GHz ISM band and the rules in effect in North America. Section 2 of the technical report deals first with the performance of a single, one-way radio link in ideal “free space” conditions, assuming unobstructed line-of-sight propa
23、gation of the carrier waves and no sources of interference (such as other transmitters, electrical machinery or electronic equipment), the only sources of impairment being the thermal noise generated in the receiver and the reduction in signal strength due to path losses. Section 3 of the technical
24、report covers various aspects of radio wave propagation, including reductions in signal strength due to increasing distance from the transmitter and transmission through “lossy” (partially-conducting) media, reflection of electromagnetic waves at conducting, non-conducting or partially-conducting su
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