IMO IA630E-1999 Manual on Chemical Pollution Section 1 PROBLEM ASSESSMENT AND RESPONSE ARRANGEMENTS (Second Edition).pdf
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1、Manual on Chemical PolluQion Secti a ass9 edition 1 I/ I 11 I j Manual on Chemical Pollution Section 1 PROBLEM ASSESSMENT AND RESPONSE ARRANGEMENTS I INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION London, 1999 Published in 1987 by the INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION 4 Albert Embankment. London SE1 7SR Seco
2、nd edition 1999 Printed in the United Kingdom by the International Maritime Organization 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 ISBN 92-80 1-6096-6 1 IMO PUBLICATION I I Sales number: IA630E I Copyright 0 International Maritime Organization 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored i
3、n a retrieval system or trunsniitted in any form or by any means withour prior permission in writing from the Internationul Maritime Organization. Foreword This publication, prepared by the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) supersedes the 1986 e
4、dition of section 1 of the Manual on Chemical Pollution. For the purpose of this Manual, hazardous materials (HNS) include, but are not limited to: noxious liquid substances, described under Annex I1 of MARPOL 73/78 and the International Bulk Chemical Code IBC Code); dangerous goods, described in th
5、e International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code IMDG Code); gases regulated under the International Gas Carrier Code IGC Code); and solid cargoes covered by the Code of Safe Practice of Solid Bulk Cargoes BC Code). It provides guidance to Governments on ways of assessing hazards associated with spilla
6、ges of hazardous and noxious substances and of setting up response organizations. Further, it describes safe operational practice in response. The present section of this Manual does not deal with the recovery of packages lost during incidents at sea, nor with problems particular to radioactive and
7、explosive substances. These matters are covered in section 2 of the Manual: Search and Recovery of Packaged Goods Lost at Sea. Problems related to oil pollution casualties and related information are specifically addressed in the Manual on Oil Pollution (sections I to VI). iii Contents Page Introduc
8、tion 1 Regulatory framework for the carnage of HNS at sea General remarks . 5 Principal conventions of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) 5 HNS in bulk . 6 HNS in package form (dangerous goods) . 8 Emergency precautions on board 10 Notification and reporting of accidents causing or likely
9、 to cause spillage of HNS . 11 Example of a POLREP 13 Hazards and fate of released HNS General remarks 17 Cargo flows . 17 Hazardous properties of HNS 19 Behaviour and fate of released HNS . 31 Definitions of terms used to describe hazard characteristics 45 Example of a chemical compatibility chart
10、48 A classification flow chart 50 Chemical emergency preparedness General remarks on emergency response systems . 51 Optimized response organization 55 Response support system (RSS) . 58 Response methods and techniques General remarks 61 Systematic approach to emergency response 62 Response on board
11、 ships 67 Response options for spills at sea . 71 Health and safety strategy . 89 Maritime safety card . 98 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Annex 2- 1 Chapter 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Annex 3- 1 Annex 3-2 Annex 3-3 Chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 Chapter 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Annex 5-1 Previous page is b
12、lank V Annex 5-2 Chapter 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 Levels of protection for pre-determined levels of hazards . 99 Case histories General remarks 103 Case history 1 . 103 Case history 2 . 104 Case history 3 . 105 Case history 4 . 106 Case history 5 . 107 Case history 6 . 108 Case his
13、tory 7 . 109 . Case history 8 . 109 Summary of measures 110 Chapter 1 Introduction Broadly defined, hazardous and noxious substances HNS) are those substances that due to their intrinsic properties may, if released, endanger human life, the environment or property. However, for the purpose of this M
14、anual, this definition excludes oil, as oil-related pollution matters are dealt with in other IMO technical manuals. In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in the transport and storage of HNS. If allowed to escape, these materials can present a danger to a ships crew, the vessel, coastal pop
15、ulations and/or the environment. Accordingly, public concern over these materials has grown, and both Governments and industry have taken steps to address and respond to such incidents. Marine spills involving HNS are not as frequent as oil spills, and may receive little publicity due to their less
16、visible nature. However, on a global basis, marine spills involving HNS are not rare. In fact, a world- wide survey of marine HNS emergencies* (see table 1) showed that: 0 there is a wide range of cargoes which need to be considered as potential threats; 0 most accidents involved mainly two classes
17、of HNS: flammable liquids and corrosive materials; 0 one to two major HNS accidents can be expected each year: 0 a wide variety of ship types were associated with HNS accidents; and HNS accidents were almost equally divided between “bulk and “packaged goods” shipments. 0 There is no doubt that if a
18、spill involving HNS is to be handled successfully and damage minimized, careful planning is essential. Many of the factors which need to be taken into account when preparing for HNS events, including the drawing up of chemical-spill plans, are similar to those required for oil spills. A number of co
19、untries have adapted their oil spill contingency plans to address chemical spill incidents. In addition to using the oil spill planning framework, these countries have also tended to rely on the same basic organizational arrangements in order to avoid creating two separate response structures. Given
20、 the wide range of chemicals and their diverse hazards and properties, expertise from the chemical industry may be required to ensure that safe and practical procedures are followed. * Brian Mansfield, “Can Overboard”, Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills, 1994. 1 Chapter 1 Table 1: Examples of acci
21、dents involving ships carrying HNS (1 91 7- 1995) (Year) Vessel (19 17) Mont- Explosives !- Blanc Quantity Accident type involved 2.600 tonnes Explosion (3.000 people + killed, 9,000 injured) Location Halifax. Canada Port of Texas City, USA (1 947) Grandcamp Ammonium nitrate 2,200 tonnes Fire and ex
22、plosion (468 killed) causing a domino effect (fire/ explosion) on a vessel berthed nearby (250 m) which carried ammonium nitrate and sulphur (1 974) Caulat Tetraethyl lead Tetramethyl lead 150 tonnes in drums 120 tonnes in drums Off Italian coast Collision and sinking 1 Er;fn I (1976) RenC 16 Landsk
23、rna. Ammonia 180 tonnes Hose rupture I 51 one-tonne Cylinders lost at sea I cylinders I due to bad weather 1 North Sea I (1979) Sindbad Chlorine I Vinyl chloride Mixed dangerous cargo in package form Sinking Adriatic Sea coast ( 1984) Brigitta Monfanari (1 987) Cason 1,300 tonnes 1.000 tonnes (1988)
24、 Anna Acrylonitrile 547 tonnes I Collision and sinking Broere I Dodecylbenzene I500 tonnes 550 tonnes 1.000 Sinking I OffItalian I(1991) / coast Caustic soda 4.200 tonnes Off one of the Greek archipelagic Zhanijiang. China ( 1994) Tus Grounding (1995) Chung Mu 1 No.* 3 10 tonnes Styrene Thus, althou
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