IEST RP-NANO205 1-2016 Nanotechnology Safety Application of Prevention through Design Principles to Nanotechnology Facilities.pdf
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1、Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology IEST-RP-NANO205.1 Contamination Control Division, Nanotechnology Committee Recommended Practice 205.1 Nanotechnology Safety: Application of Prevention through Design Principles to Nanotechnology Facilities Arlington Place One 2340 S. Arlington Heigh
2、ts Road, Suite 620 Arlington Heights, IL 60005-4510 Phone: (847) 981-0100 Fax: (847) 981-4130 E-mail: informationiest.org Web: www.iest.org 2 IEST 2016 All rights reserved Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology IEST-RP-NANO205.1 This Recommended Practice was prepared by and is under the
3、jurisdiction of Working Group 205 of the IEST Contamination Control Division Standards also see section 5.2.1(d4) of this RP. 5 PLANNING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY CAUTION: It is beyond the scope of this RP to provide planning for all of the potential safety issues associated with the desig
4、n and operation of nanotechnology facilities. Relevant safety standards, national and local regulations, and building codes must be consulted when designing facilities and developing safety plans and training programs. 5.1 Contents of a safety plan As with any technology facility, nanotechnology fac
5、ilities require a systematic design process that considers applicable regulations as well as the best information available on the properties of the materials to be used on the premises and characteristics of the planned processes or operations. A nanotechnology EHS program should address, at a mini
6、mum, the following elements: Design considerations (see 5.2 for details) Identification of potential hazards Assessment of risks Design and hierarchy of appropriate controls Design, layout, and zoning considerations IEST-RP-NANO205.1 Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology IEST 2016 All r
7、ights reserved 16 Codes and standards considerations Emergency planning Operational considerations (see 5.3 for details) Documentation Institutional review of processes and practices Incident reviews and audits Medical surveillance Training It is critical that any EHS program have support at all lev
8、els of leadership. Support from upper management allows the proper allocation of resources and sets the tone throughout the organization. This implies the involvement and knowledge of all levels of staff and mid-level management in these programs. In the same vein, safety training should be provided
9、 at all levels of the organization. The depth of the training may vary by level and function, but it is important that safety training be conducted at all levels (see section 12). It is also important that the personnel working in the facility play a role in safety protocol development. Protocols th
10、at restrict personnel in their work are counterproductive. Not only will such protocols be violated, but they will send the message that violation of approved protocols is acceptable. Part of the job description of all personnel should include the support of safety policies and programs. This requir
11、ement should be addressed in the performance evaluation of all personnel. 5.2 Design considerations 5.2.1 Identification of potential hazards Although emerging nanomaterials have gained attention because of their novelty, other materials, biologicals, chemicals, and sources of hazards also should be
12、 identified. Facility designers should work with a team that represents safety, process-engineering (chemical, biological, radiological, nanotechnology), maintenance, and security personnel to develop a comprehensive, written hazard analysis that considers the following approaches for classifying ev
13、ery substance expected to be used or generated in the facility. A designated internal or external expert who will review every step of the process for hazards should be included on the design team. OSHA defines hazardous and toxic substances as those chemicals present in the workplace which are capa
14、ble of causing harm. The term chemicals includes dusts, mixtures, and common materials such as paints, fuels, and solvents. As an example, the Indiana Fire Code defines hazardous material as “A solid, liquid, or gas associated with semiconductor manufacturing that has a degree-of-hazard rating in he
15、alth, flammability, or reactivity of Class 3 or 4 as ranked by the UFC Standard 79-3 and which is used directly in research, laboratory or production processes which have as their end product materials which are not hazardous.” This definition is implied when the term hazardous materials is used in
16、this document. In the US, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administers the Toxic Substances Control Act, which pertains to substances that may present unreasonable risk to human health or the environment. These regulations apply to newly created materials and must be followed if a material
17、is to be introduced into the US marketplace. Nanomaterials present new challenges when establishing hazard classifications because hazards are unknown or differ from those associated with the larger particle size configuration of the same material. Hazards associated with the chemical reactivity of
18、a nanomaterial should be determined and documented to achieve the proper handling and storage of all nanomaterials (see sections 6 and 7). Chemical reactivity hazards of nanomaterials include the formation of highly reactive energetic powders (e.g., nano-sized aluminum powder). a) Toxicity A key fac
19、tor in the risk assessment of a facility is the determination of the toxicity of materials in question by appropriate methods. US Department of Health and Human Services toxicology tutorials I, II, and II (including definitions of terms) can be found at http:/sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro/toxtutor.html. IE
20、ST-RP-NANO205.1 Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology IEST 2016 All rights reserved 17 b) Chemicals Chemical hazards include all physical states of a chemicalsolid, liquid, gas, plasma, colloid, aerosol (fume, vapor, or mist). The hazards also apply independent of particle or droplet si
21、ze (i.e., macro-, micro-, or nanoscale) or morphology (e.g., particle, fiber, platelet). It should also be noted that the hazard related to a material may change based on these properties. Chemical risks in a nanotechnology facility are not substantially different from chemical risks in other high-t
22、echnology facilities. The principal source for risk analysis and chemical hazards is the SDS for each chemical used in the facility. In addition to the hazard information, the SDS will provide information on safe use of the chemical, safeguards to be implemented when using the chemical, and recommen
23、ded PPE. Further information and guidance can be found from the following reference documents: NFPA 318 Toxic Gas Ordinance NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards NIOSH (2014e) Saxs Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Guides and handbooks furnished by chemical suppliers c) Biohazardous mate
24、rials Materials (including background materials) from outside sources and internal processes can include live biological material that may constitute a biological hazard. Biological hazards may pose threats to human, animal, or plant health. The facility design and operational protocols should inclu
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