IEST RP-DTE011 2-2016 Mechanical Shock and Vibration Accelerometer Selection (Second printing July 2017).pdf
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1、Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology IEST-RP-DTE011.2 Design, Test, and Evaluation Division Recommended Practice 011.2 Mechanical Shock and Vibration Accelerometer Selection 1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 400 | Schaumburg, IL 60173 USA Phone: (847) 981-0100 Fax: (847) 981-4130 E-mail
2、: informationiest.org Web: www.iest.org 2 Copyrighted material Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology IEST-RP-DTE011.2This Recommended Practice was prepared by and is under the jurisdiction of Working Group 011 of the IEST Design, Test, and Evaluation Division (WG-DTE011). The following
3、WG voting members contributed to the development of this edition of this Recommended Practice. Jon Wilson, DTE-011 Chair, Jon S. Wilson Consulting, LLC David Banaszak, Air Force Research Laboratory Vesta Bateman, Mechanical Shock Consulting Anthony Chu, TE Connectivity Randy Patrick, Army Yuma Test
4、Center Stanley Poynor, Lockheed Martin Missiles SHEAR TYPE (RIGHT). 15 5 SCHEMATICS OF AN IEPE ACCELEROMETER . 15 6 FREQUENCY RESPONSE DROOP 15 7 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE . 19 8 MONOLITHIC SILICON SENSING ELEMENT OF A PR ACCELEROMETER . 20 9 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A VC ACCELEROMETER 21 10 EXPLODED VIEW OF A MICR
5、OMACHINED VC ACCELEROMETER . 22 11 PHASE RESPONSE OF A SINGLE-DOF SYSTEM VS. NORMALIZED FREQUENCY 26 12 TRANSVERSE SENSITIVITY 27 13 ADHESIVE MOUNTING 33 14 MAGNETIC MOUNTING . 33 15 ANGULAR ACCELEROMETER USING A LINEAR PAIR . 41 TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF PE, IEPE, PR, AND VC ACCELEROMETERS . 23 APPENDI
6、X A REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 42 IEST-RP-DTE011.2 Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology Copyrighted material 5 Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology Design, Test, and Evaluation Division Recommended Practice 011.2 Mechanical Shock and Vibration Accelerometer Selection IES
7、T-RP-DTE011.2 1 SCOPE AND LIMITATION The purpose of this Recommended Practice (RP) is to provide guidelines for selecting accelerometers to measure shock and vibration in laboratory and field testing environments. Many special applications are not covered (e.g., pyroshock 1,2, consumer products) bec
8、ause of their unique nature and the rapid advancements taking place in their disciplines. Even in applications not specifically addressed, however, these recommendations may be helpful. There are basically two classes of motion sensors: fixed-reference and mass-spring (relative motion). Non-contact
9、transducers, such as laser interferometric displacement and laser Doppler velocity transducers, are fixed-reference designs. Although they offer some unique properties, these instruments are used to measure shock and vibration only in applications where a fixed reference is available, and where thei
10、r cost, size, and physical space and geometry requirements are acceptable. Similarly, video and high-speed photographic displacement measurement techniques are becoming more sophisticated, thereby increasingly allowing their application to the motion analysis of structures. These fixed-reference tec
11、hniques, which have different constraints, are discussed elsewhere 3,4,5. This RP concentrates on the more common mass-spring type accelerometers, with the sensing element(s) represented by the spring. The following recommendations apply to dynamic measurements with frequencies ranging from DC (0 Hz
12、) to more than 20 kHz. Only measurements of linear (translational) motion are considered; measurement of angular or rotational motion is addressed as an application at the end of the document. 2 REFERENCES It is recommended that the user reference manufacturers specification and application data in
13、the selection and use of equipment. Please see Appendix A: Bibliography for informative resources. 3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS accelerometer A transducer whose instantaneous output is proportional to the instantaneous acceleration input. acoustic sensitivity The rated output produced by a non-acoustic t
14、ransducer in the presence of a specified acoustic field. back-to-back comparison method A method of performing a sensitivity/frequency response calibration of an accelerometer by mounting the unit under test to the sensitive surface of a reference standard and comparing the outputs of the two device
15、s. base strain sensitivity The rated output produced by an accelerometer in the presence of a specified amount of strain input induced by the bending motion at the mounting interface. 6 Copyrighted material Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology IEST-RP-DTE011.2 bias voltage The DC volta
16、ge that appears at the output of the accelerometer in quiescent state (its level is determined and preset by the manufacturer); generally interferes with receiving recording devices and normally decoupled by a high value capacitor in series. charge amplifier (converter) A preamplifier designed for u
17、se with high-impedance piezoelectric transducers, commonly referred to as a “charge amp;” consists of an operational amplifier with a capacitor in its feedback loop; output voltage of the amplifier is proportional to the input charge generated by the transducer and independent of the cable capacitan
18、ce. charge sensitivity The rated output produced by a high-impedance piezoelectric transducer per unit of acceleration input (e.g., pC/g). closed-loop accelerometer An accelerometer in which the output generated by deflection in the mass-spring system is used as feedback in a circuit that closes the
19、 loop by physically driving the deflected mass back to its equilibrium position. NOTE: Generally, closed-loop accelerometer designs offer better amplitude linearity than open-loop designs. However, with the use of microprocessors and the ability to correct data at the source, closed-loop acceleromet
20、ers are finding much less application. compensation resistor A resistor placed in parallel or in series with any of the legs of a piezoresistive accelerometer to correct for the imbalance in the bridge circuit or sensitivity errors at temperature, or both. compliance voltage The DC supply voltage av
21、ailable to the integral electronics piezoelectric (IEPE) accelerometer circuitry; usually lower than the power supply voltage due to the voltage drop in the constant current device(s). discharge time constant The RC time constant determined by the design of a transducers circuit topology; time requi
22、red for the step response to reduce to 37% of its original value. dynamic range The ratio of the highest level to the lowest level of signal to be measured, expressed in dB. electrical isolation A condition in which the output and ground leads of the accelerometer are electrically isolated from the
23、mounting surface. electromagnetic rebalancing A type of closed-loop accelerometer that uses an electromagnetic mechanism to rebalance the deflected mass. electromagnetic sensitivity The rated output produced by an accelerometer in the presence of a specified electromagnetic field. electrostatic reba
24、lancing A type of closed-loop accelerometer that uses an electrostatic mechanism to rebalance the deflected mass. ferroelectric A subset in the piezoelectric-type materials that typically has a high dielectric constant. Example: lead zirconate titanate (PZT). fixed-reference transducer A two-termina
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