IESNA LM-62-2006 Laboratory or Field Thermal Measurements of Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts in Luminaires.pdf

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1、 IESNA LM-62-06 IESNA Guide for Laboratory or Field Thermal Measurements of Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts in Luminaires Publication of this Committee Report has been approved by the IESNA. Suggestions for revisions should be directed to the IESNA. Prepared by: The Subcommittee on Photometry of Indo

2、or Luminaires of the IESNA Testing Procedures CommitteeIESNA LM-62-06 Copyright 2006 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Approved by the IESNA Board of Directors, May 29, 2006, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. All rights reserved. No pa

3、rt of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IESNA. Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005. IESNA Standards and Guides are develope

4、d through committee consensus and produced by the IESNA Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this docu- ment, please forward them to Rita Harrold, Director Educational and Technical Development, at the above address for verification and cor

5、rection. The IESNA welcomes and urges feedback and comments. ISBN # 0-87995-214-8 978-0-87995-21403 Printed in the United States of America. DISCLAIMER IESNA publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This pro

6、cess brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IESNA administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the develop- ment of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to

7、 the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. The IESNA disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, o

8、r reliance on this document In issuing and making this document available, the IESNA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IESNA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this

9、document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. The IESNA has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of t

10、his document. Nor does the IESNA list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable to the IESNA and is solely the responsibility of the ce

11、rtifier or maker of the statement.IESNA LM-62-06 LM-62-06, IESNA Guide for Laboratory or Field Thermal Measurements of Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts in Luminaires Subcommittee on Photometry of Indoor Luminaires Robert C Berger, Chair William E. Beakes Randall P. Bergin Randall Blanchette LC Michael

12、 A. Kalkas Becky Kuebler* Kelly C. Lerbs* Robert E. Levin* Ian Lewin FIES* David N. Randolph LC David Rector Donald C. Smith Nick Stuffer* Lane Swainston* John X. Zhang * Advisory * Honorary IESNA Testing Procedures Committee Michael Grather, Chair Carl K. Andersen John B. Arens Lawrence M. Ayers Wi

13、lliam E. Beakes Robert C. Berger Randall P. Bergin Rolf S. Bergman Randall Blanchette James R. Cyre Russell C. Dahl* Ronald O. Daubach Kevin J. Dowling* David Ellis David B. Goodwin* Richard V. Heinisch* Robert E. Horan Donald E. Husby* Michael A. Kalkas* Demetrios Karambelas* Mihaly Kotrebai John L

14、awton* Lorence E. Leetzow* Kelly C. Lerbs* Robert E. Levin* Ian Lewin Robert Low* Joseph P. Marella Greg McKee Samuel W. McKnight* Douglas C. Mertz* C. Cameron Miller Bruce Mosher* Waneta A. Newland Yoshihiro Ohno* Carla Ooyen David W. Parkansky* Eli M. Puszkar* David N. Randolph David Rector Donald

15、 C. Smith* Robert C. Speck* Lloyd Stafford* Gary A. Steinberg Nick Stuffer* Theodor G. Yahraus* John X. Zhang * Advisory * Honorary IESNA Guide For Laboratory or Field Thermal Measurements of Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts in Luminaires FOREWORD This Guide, which is a revision of the 1991 guide of t

16、he same name, 1 is for luminaire designers and man- ufacturers to use in improving equipment perfor- mance. It is intended as an aid to the designer when measuring operating temperature of lamps and bal- lasts in luminaires under either laboratory or field con- ditions. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Scope Th

17、is Guide covers only thermal measurement of fluorescent lamps and ballasts in luminaires. Its purpose is to aid luminaire designers to achieve optimum performance of these components in given applications. In addition to the general test procedures outlined in this Guide, lamp and ballast manufactur

18、ers data sheets should always be con- sulted when possible. Manufacturers of these products often have technical information avail- able, detailing product specific thermal test point locations and limits (see references 2-4). 1.2 Need for Thermal Testing Fluorescent lamps are temperature sensitive

19、light sources. For most fluorescent light sources, their light output, power consumption, and efficacy are influenced by the temperature of the tube at its coolest point (cold or cool spot), which determines mercury vapor pressure. (See reference 5 and Annex A.) Temperatures greater than optimum wil

20、l cause lamp lumens and power consumption to decline nearly proportionately; however, at temper- atures cooler than optimum, light output may decline rapidly while power consumption remains high, causing a precipitous reduction of efficacy. The new high efficiency lamp/ballast systems cou- pled with

21、 heat sinking metal louvers and/or heat removal luminaires can have a surprisingly adverse effect unless temperature factors are carefully considered. Conversely, the critical temperature affecting ballast performance is the hottest part of the ballast. For typical electromagnetic ballasts, this is

22、the tempera- ture of the transformer core and coil. It is generally measured on that part of the ballast case closest to the coil. The location of the hot spot can be obtained from the ballast manufacturer or can be determined by carefully scanning the case with a temperature probe. The importance o

23、f ballast temperature rise is apparent from the industry recognized fact that a rise of 10 C (18 F) in coil temperature above 90 C (194 F) can reduce ballast coil life by 50 percent. Since 1968 all American domestic indoor high power factor fluorescent ballasts have been equipped with built in Class

24、 P thermal protectors (see references 6 and 7). These Class P protectors are designed to switch the ballast primary off when the maximum case temperature rises in excess of 100 C (212 F). The ballasts will restart the lamps in about 30 min- utes when the case cools to about 90 C (194 F). Electronic

25、type ballasts will typically have a maxi- mum case temperature less than 90 C (194 F). Manufacturers temperature limits for an electronic ballast should be adhered to closely, otherwise bal- last life and performance could be greatly reduced. 2.0 MEASURING EQUIPMENT There are many types of instrumen

26、ts suitable for temperature measurements of fluorescent lamps and ballasts. It is recommended that the tempera- ture sensing device have very low mass and ther- mal inertia so it will not influence the temperature of the point being measured. One such device that is widely used is a No. 30 gauge iro

27、n-constantan thermocouple (Type J). This may be used with a digital meter capable of reading Celsius or Fahrenheit with an accuracy of 0.5 C ( 1 F). All measurement equipment shall be calibrated annually by a recognized calibration laboratory, traceable to NIST (National Institute of Standards and T

28、echnology). Since most luminaire tests involve several temper- ature points to be monitored, a rotating selector switch will permit a large number of thermocouples to be monitored by a single meter. The selector switch shall be of the type designed for switching thermocouples, i.e., it must have ver

29、y low contact resistance and must be designed not to introduce thermoelectric effects of its own. Automated, multi- plexing type data acquisition systems may also be used for this application, provided that the appro- priate signal conditioning is implemented. Thermistors may also be used for temper

30、ature sen- sors, provided they exhibit stable characteristics and are of sufficiently small size and shape to allow 1 IESNA LM-62-06attachment to the lamp or ballast surfaces. Caution should be observed if thermistors are used because some of them are sensitive to light as well as to tem- perature.

31、The use of thermistors also requires addi- tional electronic circuitry to excite the thermistors, which are usually operated with a constant current source. Thermistors have the advantage of a very high responsivity, and therefore, high temperature measurement resolution and accuracy. Measur- ement

32、accuracy can exceed 0.1 C (0.2 F). Non-contact, infrared-based instruments are avail- able for temperature measurement of ballast and lamp temperature points. These instruments are useful for quickly determining key measurement points for thermocouple measurement or for mea- suring difficult locatio

33、n points not easily measured by direct contact means. Non-contact instruments should not be relied on entirely for temperature measurement, since their accuracy is generally not as good as direct contact measurement with ther- mocouples. Direct contact measurements with thermocouples is the preferre

34、d measurement method whenever possible. 3.0 LABORATORY TEST CONDITIONS 3.1 Thermal Environment Measurements shall be made in a draft free room with a maximum airflow of 0.08 m/s (15ft./min.). The ambient temperature shall be maintained at 25 C 1 C (77 F 2 F), unless specifically testing for operatio

35、n in other ambient tempera- tures. Temperature should be measured within 1 m (3 ft.) of the luminaire and shielded from direct radiation. All reported temperatures (measured in a laborato- ry) should be corrected to reflect a 25 C (77F) ambient temperature. For example, if the recorded temperature m

36、easurement is 60 C and the ambi- ent is 24 C, then the final reported temperature would be 61 C. 3.2 Thermal Stabilization The period of time required for a lamp to achieve ther- mal stabilization will vary according to the amount and location of mercury within the lamp. The lamp will be stable when

37、 most of the mercury has condensed at its coldest point. The ballast and the lamp(s) in a typical T8 or T12 enclosed recessed troffer or surface mount- ed luminaire will usually require about six hours to reach thermal equilibrium, other lamp types such as T5 linear, T12 High Output and compact fluo

38、rescent lamps may require as long as 15 hours to become thermally stable. Temperature readings (on ballasts or lamps) are considered stabilized when three succes- sive readings taken at 30 minute intervals are within 1C (1.8 F) of one another and are not rising. 3.3 Lamps and Ballasts Lamps should b

39、e selected that are typical of latest production and conform to the latest requirements of the American National Standards Institute (see references 8-14). Where ANSI standards do not exist for a given lamp type, values published or stated by the lamp manufacturer should apply. Lamps should be aged

40、in accordance with refer- ence 15. Ballasts chosen for the tests should be typical of current production. 3.4 Luminaires Luminaires chosen for the tests should be typical of the latest production and should be mounted as closely as possible to their normal field conditions. 3.5 Line Voltage The ball

41、ast(s) in the luminaire should be operated at their rated primary voltage and frequency within 0.5% for both voltage and frequency. When ballasts are labeled for a range of primary voltages, the ballast should be operated at the intended application voltage. The applied voltage shall have a sinusoid

42、al waveshape such that the RMS summation of the harmonic components will not exceed 3 percent of the fundamental. 3.6 Field Test Conditions If lamp/ballast temperature measurements are to be made in other than controlled laboratory condi- tions, any variations from the conditions stated previously s

43、hall be noted in a descriptive test report. In addition, any ambient conditions that may affect the luminaire temperatures such as plenum temperature and proximity of thermal insu- lating materials, shall be described in the report (see Section 6.2). 4.0 LOCATION AND ATTACHMENT OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR

44、 ON FLUORESCENT LAMP 4.1 Location of Temperature Sensor on Linear Fluorescent Lamps 2 IESNA LM-62-06The temperature sensor should be located on the coolest portion of the tube. This is a critical location that influences the electrical and photometric per- formance of the lamp. As a general rule: in

45、 luminaires with T12 lamps, the cool-spot occurs in the bottom center portion of the tube. Typically, on T8 lamps, the cool-spot may occur at the end of the glass tube. In all lamp types it is advisable to check with the lamp manu- facturer to confirm lamp cool-spot location for a given lamp ballast

46、 combination. A temperature of approximately 38 C (100 F) measured at the cool-spot location will usually provide optimum per- formance of T8 and T12 lamps. When using lumi- naires that are ventilated and/or have metal lou- vers in close proximity, it is advisable to allow the lamps to stabilize the

47、rmally, then to place the sen- sor in the spot where the particles of mercury can be seen visually. This frequently occurs where the louvers come closest to the tube. T12 lamps designed to operate at 1500 mA have special features to create cool spots to control mercury vapor pressure. These T12 type

48、s have heat reflecting shields directly behind (base side) the electrodes. These end chambers then become the control or cold spots. The noncircular cross section 1500 mA lamps have the two grooves in the center of the lamp deeper than all the others. The rails along side these grooves are then farther from the arc and become cold spots. T5 linear lamps are designed to produce optimum light out