IESNA LEM-3-2013 Guidelines for Upgrading Lighting Systems in Commercial and Institutional Spaces.pdf

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1、PREPARED BYIES LEM-3-13IES Guidelines for UpgradingLighting Systems inCommercial and Institutional SpacesIES LEM-3-13IES Guidelines for Upgrading Lighting Systems inCommercial and Institutional SpacesThe content of this Lighting Energy Management publication has been approved by the IES. Suggestions

2、 for revisions should be directed to the IES. Prepared by:The IES Energy Management CommitteeIES LEM-3-13Copyright 2013 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.Approved by the IES Board of Directors, June 12, 2013, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North Am

3、erica.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES.Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.IES Standar

4、ds and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please forward them to Rita Harrold, Director of Technology, at the above address for verification and corre

5、ction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN #978-0-87995-280-8DISCLAIMERIES publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together vol

6、unteers represent-ing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completene

7、ss of any information published herein. The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensa-tory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.

8、In issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or h

9、er own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent profes-sional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IES has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES lis

10、t, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the require-ments of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.IES

11、 LEM-3-13Prepared by the Lighting Upgrade Sub-Committee of the IES Energy Management CommitteeLighting Upgrade Sub-Committee Rodney Heller, ChairEnergy Management CommitteeMaggie DeJong, ChairHoward Wolfman, Vice-ChairJ. Amman *S. AndersonJ. BriscoeP. Brown *L. Cordell *M. DeJongC. English *G. Flamm

12、*E. GillmorF. HauberK. HemmiJ. HowleyM. Lambert *D. Leaman *R. Lindemann*J. Ludyjan *M. MyerD. PaulinE. RichmanS. Machhiwala *A. Mor *W. Penn-Bertelsen *J. Radi*D. Vail *S. WalerczykD. Walsh *H. Wolfman J. Yorgey * J. Amann*S. AndersonH. Arvidsson*P. Ashar*B. AtkinsonJ. Benya*F. Berryman*C. Bloomfie

13、ld*J. Bond*S. Bramley*J. BriscoeT. Brown*W. Brown*L. Cordell*L. DavisG. FlammJ. Frazer*E. GillmorD. Goldstein*S. Guthrie*F. HauberG. Hauser*R. Heinisch*R. HellerK. Hemmi*J. HowleyT. Jackson*W. Johnson*C. Jones*D. Kack*H. Kaplan*D. Katzenberger*H. Kessler*R. Kurtz*S. LaFleur*M. LaneM. Lassle*B. Leach

14、*R Lindemann*J. LindsleyJ. Ludyjan*S.Machhiwala*H.McKay*S. Mesh*G. Miller*A. Mor*J. Mota*J. Muramudalige*M. MyerK. NielsenM. Pak*M. PasiniD. Paulin*S. Pay*W. BertelsenA Reyes*E. Richman*S. Silverstein*N. Smirnov*B. SmithD. Vail*D. Viveiros*D. Walsh*J. Wenman*J. White*R. Wyton*H. Yaphe*J. Yorgey*Advi

15、sory Member IES LEM-3-13IES LEM-3-13Contents1.0 Introduction.11.1 Audience 11.2 Lighting Upgrade: Retrofit or Redesign? .11.3 The Upgrade Process21.4 Common Practice .31.5 Using This Document 41.5.1 Generic Issues for Upgrade Projects1.5.2 Equipment Alternatives for Upgrade Projects 41.5.3 Energy-Sa

16、ving Upgrades 41.5.4 Lighting Terminology 52.0 Upgrade Briefs 52.1 Lighting Assessment 52.1.1 The Assessment .52.2 Economic Issues62.2.1 Introduction .62.2.2 Assessment and Initial Determination 72.2.3 Gaining the Expertise to Realize Economic Gains 82.2.4 Economic Considerations That May Be Overloo

17、ked .92.3 Lighting Quality and Quantity.92.3.1 Redesign vs. Retrofit 92.3.2 Uniformity102.3.3 Lighting Walls and Ceilings102.3.4 Glare .112.3.5 Color .112.3.6 Task Lighting .112.4 Codes and Standards.112.4.1 Building Permits.122.4.2 Energy Standards and Codes .122.4.2.1 U.S. Standards and Codes 122.

18、4.2.2 Canadian Standards and Codes .132.4.2.3 Mexican Standards and Codes 132.4.2.4 Additional Outdoor Lighting Standards and Ordinances .132.4.3 Electrical Codes 142.4.4 Electromagnetic and Radio Interference .142.4.5 Health and Safety .152.4.6 Hazardous Material152.4.7 Emergency Lighting .152.4.8

19、Exit Signs152.4.9 Vandalism .152.4.10 Manufacturer Warranties16IES LEM-3-132.5 Commissioning 162.5.1 Luminaire Replacements and Upgrades .162.5.2 Lighting Controls 162.5.2.1 Occupancy Sensors .162.5.2.2 Daylight Harvesting 172.5.2.3 Calibration of Daylight Harvesting Controls .172.5.2.4 Zonal and Sc

20、ene Controls 172.5.2.5 Lighting Control Systems .172.5.3 Project Training and Documentation.172.5.3.1 Project Training .172.5.3.2 Equipment Warranties and Service Instructions .182.5.3.3 Project Documentation .182.6 Service and Maintenance Issues .182.6.1 Minimize Lamp Types Deployed 182.6.2 Reduce

21、Lamp Quantities .192.6.3 Use Extended Life Lamps.192.6.4 Ballast Type and Lamp Life192.6.5 Maintenance and Warranty Issues 192.6.6 Facility Management Education 192.6.7 Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD) 202.6.8 Relamping .202.6.8.1 Group Relamping .202.6.8.2 Spot Relamping.202.6.8.3 Lampholders .202

22、.7 Lamp and Ballast Disposal 202.7.1 Introduction 202.7.2 Lamp Mercury Content .202.7.3 Lamp Disposal212.7.4 Lamp Recycling.212.7.5 Lamp Breakage.212.7.6 PCBs in Ballasts 222.7.7 Conclusion.223.0 Technology Briefs 223.1 T8 Fluorescent Lamps 223.1.1 Ballast Types .253.1.2 Ballast Factor.253.2 Ballast

23、s for T8 Fluorescent Lamps253.2.1 Load Shed/Demand Response Ballasts .263.2.2 Multi-Lamp Ballasts263.2.3 Electronic Dimming Ballasts .263.2.4 Total Harmonic Distortion .263.2.5 Ballast Case .26 3.2.6 Voltage263.2.7 Ballast and Lamp Life Warranties.263.3 T5 Fluorescent Lamps 26IES LEM-3-133.4 Ballast

24、s for T5 Fluorescent Lamps273.4.1 T5 Lamp Starting273.4.2 Multi-Lamp Ballasts283.4.3 Electronic Dimming Ballasts .283.4.4 Total Harmonic Distortion .293.4.5 Voltage293.4.6 Ballast and Lamp Life Warranties.293.4.7 Ballast Efficiency Standards .293.5 LED Technologies 293.5.1 Considerations When Select

25、ing an LED .293.5.2 LED Applications303.5.3 Additional Resources for LED Evaluation and Selection.303.6 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) 313.6.1 Selecting Compact Fluorescent Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323.6.1.1 Medium and Candelabra Scr

26、ew Based Compact Fluorescent Lamps 323.6.1.2 Pin-based Compact Fluorescent Lamps .323.7 Lenses and Louvers333.7.1 Lenses 333.7.2 Louvers .333.7.3 Words of Caution333.8 Reflectors.333.8.1 Reflector Defined333.8.2 Reflectors with Troffers .333.8.3 Reflectors with Luminaire Strips 343.8.4 Reflector Mat

27、erials 343.8.5 Words of Caution343.9 Upgrading Troffer Luminaires 343.9.1 2 4 Troffers .353.9.2 2 2 Troffers .353.10 Upgrading Fluorescent Strip or Industrial Reflector (Hooded) Luminaires 353.11 Upgrading Wraparound Luminaires.363.12 Upgrading Recessed Downlights.36 3.12.1 Types of Recessed Downlig

28、hts.363.12.2 Basic Upgrade Strategies .363.12.3 Other Downlight Upgrades 363.13 Upgrading High-bay and Low-bay Luminaires373.14 Upgrading Lighting Control Systems .383.14.1 Codes and Standards for Lighting Controls .383.14.2 Confirm Space Usage Patterns 383.14.3 Control Strategies .383.14.3.1 Time B

29、ased Strategies .393.14.3.2 Occupancy Based Control Strategies .393.14.3.3 Illuminance Based Control Strategies .403.14.4 Wiring Accessibility 403.15 Upgrading Exit Signs .403.15.1 Energy and Maintenance Considerations 403.15.2 Exit Types and Preferences .403.15.3 Codes 403.15.4 The Retrofit or Repl

30、ace Decision.423.15.5 Exit Sign Battery Back-up and Flood Heads 42IES LEM-3-133.16 Upgrading Task Lighting 423.16.1 Typical Light Sources for Task lighting .433.16.2 Upgrading Existing Task Lights.433.16.3 Relying More on Task Lighting .433.17 Daylight Harvesting 443.17.1 Daylighting Considerations

31、443.17.2 Harvesting Daylight to Reduce Electric Light443.18 Peak-load Reduction .453.18.1 Basic Strategies in Reducing Peak-load .453.18.1.1 Review Utility Bills .453.18.1.2 Manually Operated Control Strategies .453.18.1.3 Automatic Real-time Strategies 463.18.2 Load Reduction Trade-offs 463.18.3 Re

32、bates Utility Load Curtailment Programs .463.19 Current Research 463.19.1 Scotopically-rich Lighting and Visual Performance .463.19.2 Lighting Quality Research.464.0 Application Briefs.464.1 Office Lighting Upgrades474.1.1 Upgrading General Lighting Systems in Offices .474.1.2 Upgrading Other Lighti

33、ng in Offices .474.1.3 Controls in the Office Environment474.2 School Lighting Upgrades.474.2.1 Upgrading Lighting Systems in Schools474.2.2 Lighting and Controls Design Guidelines .484.3 Retail Lighting Upgrades494.3.1 Overview 494.3.2 General Lighting for Retail 494.3.3 Supplemental Lighting Syste

34、ms for Retail 494.3.4 Controls .504.4 Health Care Facility Lighting Upgrades504.4.1 Overview 504.4.2 General Lighting for Healthcare Facilities.504.4.3 Supplemental Lighting Systems with Healthcare Concerns 504.4.4 Controls .51Summary.51Annex A Field Measurements51Annex B Illuminance Meters .54Annex

35、 C Lighting Terms 55Annex D Forms74References .771IES LEM-3-131.0 INTRODUCTIONIncreasing lighting efficiency is often the most cost effective energy efficiency improvement that can be made to an existing building. There are two basic approaches for improving the energy efficiency of an existing ligh

36、ting system: retrofit or redesign. Retrofitting the existing luminaires will be the more common approach. However, on projects where the existing illumination or lighting equipment no longer suits the space or application, redesign is the bet-ter choice. A thorough assessment is necessary to determi

37、ne if one (or both) of these methods is advan-tageous over the other.When upgrading lighting in any space, it is important to know the recommended practice and illumination levels for the occupant programming. The IES pub-lishes many standards on lighting applications, and a competent lighting pract

38、itioner/designer may be able to help with specifying accepted illumination levels in the building. There may be a nominal cost, but it is a sound investment to get the lighting upgrade project right the first time. When working on a lighting upgrade project, one must always be aware of the delicate

39、balance between quality lighting and energy savings. When too much focus is placed on energy savings, quality may suffer.1.1 AudienceThis document is intended for commercial and insti-tutional building owners, lighting practitioners, man-agers, facility engineers, energy service companies, retrofitt

40、ers, and utility representatives considering a lighting upgrade.This document is written in general terms; every lighting project is a little different because of the wide variety of architectural and luminaire styles.According to the U.S. Department of Energy Buildings Energy Databook, 2010, lighti

41、ng systems often con-sume about 26% of the electrical energy used by the building, depending on the type of building, location, age, and other factors.1A lighting upgrade gener-ally offers one of the most cost-effective and easy means to reduce operating costs with a return on investment that is acc

42、eptable to the financial manag-ers of the facility. However, appropriate illumination levels and light quality must also be achieved along with the energy savings. Figure 1 illustrates why it is imperative to not lose employee productivity in the name of energy savings. If completed properly, a ligh

43、ting upgrade may actually increase occupant productivity!1.2 Lighting Upgrade: Retrofit or Redesign?The two basic ways to improve energy efficiency for an existing lighting system are retrofit and redesign. A retrofit, due to financial considerations, is the usual type of upgrade. Sometimes, however

44、, it may make more sense to do a redesign. It is important to assess as soon as possible which process will be the most effective; it may be that both strategies are required in different parts of the same project. Retrofit is a method to modify a lighting system to lower the operating costs and/or

45、improve the performance of that system based on efficiency and the task performed. Redesign is a method to modify a lighting system which will intentionally modify the goals of the existing lighting design. This may include an entirely new lighting distribution pattern, relocating and installing new

46、 luminaires and new circuits and controls to meet the new objectives.While this document concentrates primarily on the retrofit process, concepts will be presented that may also be useful in redesign projects.A lighting upgrade may result in energy savings when one or more of the following situation

47、s exist: Older technologies such as T12 fluorescent lamps and magnetic ballasts or older HID (high intensity discharge) systems such as mercury vapor or probe start metal halide are in place Illumination levels are too high Glare is a problem Inefficient optical components such as lenses, louvers or

48、 reflectors are used in the luminaireFigure 1. Average office costs show the importance of maintaining employee productivity. (Graphic courtesy of Elizabeth Gillmor)2IES LEM-3-13 Inefficient luminaires exists that may be modified to increase efficiency Lighting is operated for more hours or at a hig

49、her light level than is actually needed New lighting controls are added to existing, or new luminaires Potential lowering of ambient light levels and the addition of low level task lightingNote that a lighting upgrade is also an opportunity to increase light levels that are too low for the current tasks performed in the space. Sometimes upgrades can also create energy savings when lights levels are too low, depending on the magnitude of the accompanying improvement in energy efficiency.Refer to the current version of the IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition and the mos