ETSI TR 126 978-2017 Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) LTE Results of the Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) nois.pdf

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1、 ETSI TR 126 978 V14.0.0 (2017-04) Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Results of the Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) noise suppression selection phase (3GPP TR 26.978 version 14.0.0 Release 14) TECHNICAL REPORT ETSI ETSI TR

2、126 978 V14.0.0 (2017-04)13GPP TR 26.978 version 14.0.0 Release 14Reference RTR/TSGS-0426978ve00 Keywords GSM,LTE,UMTS ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association but non lucratif

3、 enregistre la Sous-Prfecture de Grasse (06) N 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http:/www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the prese

4、nt document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network dri

5、ve within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at https:/portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx If you find errors in th

6、e present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: https:/portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as au

7、thorized by written permission of ETSI. The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2017. All rights reserved. DECTTM,

8、PLUGTESTSTM, UMTSTMand the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members. 3GPPTM and LTE are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Assoc

9、iation. ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V14.0.0 (2017-04)23GPP TR 26.978 version 14.0.0 Release 14Intellectual Property Rights IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ET

10、SI members and non-members, and can be found in ETSI SR 000 314: “Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in respect of ETSI standards“, which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web server (https:/i

11、pr.etsi.org/). Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential

12、 to the present document. Foreword This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The present document may refer to technical specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities, UMTS identities or GSM identities. These should be interpreted as bein

13、g references to the corresponding ETSI deliverables. The cross reference between GSM, UMTS, 3GPP and ETSI identities can be found under http:/webapp.etsi.org/key/queryform.asp. Modal verbs terminology In the present document “should“, “should not“, “may“, “need not“, “will“, “will not“, “can“ and “c

14、annot“ are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions). “must“ and “must not“ are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation. ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V14.0.0 (2017-04)33GPP TR 26.978 version 14.0.0 Rel

15、ease 14Contents Intellectual Property Rights 2g3Foreword . 2g3Modal verbs terminology 2g3Foreword . 5g31 Scope 6g32 References 6g33 Definitions and abbreviations . 6g33.1 Definitions 6g33.2 Abbreviations . 7g34 General . 8g34.1 Project History 8g34.2 Overview of the AMR-NS Work Item . 8g34.3 Present

16、ation of the following clauses . 9g35 Minimum Performance Requirements . 10g36 Comparison of Candidates by Subjective Means . 11g37 Selection Phase Listening Tests and Results 12g37.1 Summary of Selection Tests undertaken 12g37.2 Summary of Listening Test Results Covering Minimum Performance Require

17、ments . 13g37.3 Summary of Listening Test Results Covering Comparison of Candidates 14g37.4 Graphical Representation of Results from all Formal Listening Tests . 16g37.4.1 Experiment 2: Degradation in Clean Speech (pair comparison test) 16g37.4.2 Experiment 3: Artifacts and Clipping in Background No

18、ise 17g37.4.2.1 Car Noise 17g37.4.2.2 Street Noise. 17g37.4.2.3 Babble Noise . 18g37.4.3 Experiment 4: Performance in Background Noise (5.9kbps AMR Speech Codec) 19g37.4.4 Experiment 5: Performance in Background Noise (12.2kbps AMR Speech Codec) 21g37.4.5 Experiment 6: Performance in Background Nois

19、e with Channel Errors (Car Noise with 6dB SNR) 23g37.4.6 Experiment 7: Performance in Background Noise with Channel Errors (Street Noise with 9dB SNR) . 24g37.4.7 Experiment 8: Performance in Car Noise with VAD/DTX active (VAD Option 1) . 25g37.4.8 Experiment 9: Performance in Street Noise with VAD/

20、DTX active (VAD Option 2) . 26g37.4.9 Experiment 10: Influence of Input Signal Level and Special Noise Types 27g37.4.9.1 Influence of Input Level 27g37.4.9.2 Performance with Special Noise Types. 28g38 Design Constraints . 28g39 Impact on Voice Activity Factor VAF (with VAD/DTX active) . 29g310 Obje

21、ctive Performance Measurements . 30g311 Feasibility Study: Downlink Noise Suppression for AMR 30g3Annex A: Key Selection Phase Documents 32g3Annex B: Selection Phase Test Plan . 33g3Annex C: Global Analysis Spreadsheet 34g3Annex D: Methodologies for Measuring Subjective SNR Improvement 35g3D.1 CCR E

22、xperiments . 35g3D.2 ACR Experiments 36g3ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V14.0.0 (2017-04)43GPP TR 26.978 version 14.0.0 Release 14Annex E: Methodology for NS performance evaluation by Objective Means . 38g3Annex F: Methodology for Measuring Impact on Voice Activity Factor (VAF) . 43g3Annex G: Change history 4

23、7g3History 48g3ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V14.0.0 (2017-04)53GPP TR 26.978 version 14.0.0 Release 14Foreword This Technical Report has been produced by the 3rdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP). The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following

24、formal TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of the present document, it will be re-released by the TSG with an identifying change of release date and an increase in version number as follows: Version x.y.z where: x the first digit: 1 presented to TSG for information; 2 presented to TSG f

25、or approval; 3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control. y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections, updates, etc. z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document.

26、 ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V14.0.0 (2017-04)63GPP TR 26.978 version 14.0.0 Release 141 Scope The present document provides background information on the performance of the six candidates which were proposed as solutions for publication of an example noise suppression solution for application to the GSM A

27、daptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech codec. Experimental test results from the speech quality related testing are reported to illustrate the behaviour of the candidate algorithms in multiple operational conditions. Additional information is also provided covering data not necessarily directly associated

28、with speech quality (such as complexity, delay, effect on voice activity factor). 2 References The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition n

29、umber, version number, etc.) or non-specific. For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest vers

30、ion of that document in the same Release as the present document. 1 GSM 01.04: “Abbreviations and acronyms“. 2 GSM 02.76: “Noise suppression for the AMR codec; Service description; Stage 1“. 3 GSM 03.50: “Transmission planning aspects of the speech service in the GSM Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN

31、) system“. 4 GSM 06.08: “Performance characterization of the GSM half rate speech codec“. 5 GSM 06.55: “Performance characterization of the GSM Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) speech codec“. 6 GSM 06.75: “Performance Characterization of the GSM Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech codec“. 7 ITU-T Recommendatio

32、n G.726: “40, 32, 24, 16 kbit/s Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) 8 ITU-T Recommendation G.728: “Coding of speech at 16 kbit/s using low-delay code excited linear prediction“. 9 ITU-T Recommendation P.56: “Objective measurement of active speech level“. 3 Definitions and abbreviatio

33、ns 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply. Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) codec: speech and channel codec capable of operating at gross bit-rates of 11.4 kbit/s (“half-rate“) and 22.8 kbit/s (“full-rate“). In addition, the codec may operate at

34、various combinations of speech and channel coding (codec mode) bit-rates for each channel mode Channel mode: half-rate or full-rate operation Codec mode: for a given channel mode, the bit partitioning between the speech and channel codecs ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V14.0.0 (2017-04)73GPP TR 26.978 version

35、 14.0.0 Release 14Error Patterns Error Insertion Device: result of offline simulations stored on files. To be used by the “Error Insertion Device“ to model the radio transmission from the output of the channel decoder and interleaver to the input of the deinterleaver and channel decoder Full-rate (F

36、R): full-rate channel or channel mode Half-rate (HR): half-rate channel or channel mode Toll Quality: speech quality normally achieved on modern wireline telephones. Synonymous with “ISDN quality“ Wireline quality: speech quality provided by modern wireline networks. Normally taken to imply quality

37、at least as good as that of 32kbit/s G.726 7 or G.728 8 16 kbit/s codecs. 3.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: A/D Analogue to Digital ACR Absolute Category Rating ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate AMR-

38、NS AMR Noise Suppression BSC Base Station Controller BTS Base Transceiver Station C/I Carrier-to-Interfere ratio CCR Comparison Category Rating CI Confidence Interval CNI Comfort Noise Insertion CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check D/A Digital to Analogue DAT Digital Audio TapeDCR Degradation Category Rating

39、 DSP Digital Signal ProcessorDTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency DTX Discontinuous Transmission for power consumption and interference reduction ECx Error Conditions at x dB C/I simulating a radio channel under static C/I using ideal Frequency Hopping in a TU3 multipath propagation profile EFR Enhanced F

40、ull Rate ESP Product of E (Efficiency), S (Speed) and P (Percentage of Power) of the DSP FH Frequency Hopping FR Full Rate (also GSM FR) G.726 ITU 16/24/32kbit/s ADPCM codec G.728 ITU 16kbit/s LD-CELP codec G.729 ITU 8/6.4/11.8 kbit/s speech codec GBER Average gross bit error rate GSM Global System

41、for Mobile communications HR Half Rate (also GSM HR) IRS Intermediate Reference System ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunications Standardisation Sector MNRU Modulated Noise Reference Unit Mod. IRS Modified IRS MOPS Million of Operation per Seconds MOS Mean Opinion Score MS Mob

42、ile Station MSC Mobile Switching Center Multiple Error Patterns were used during the Characterisation tests. They are identified by the propagation Error Conditions from which they are derived. The following conventions are used: PCM Pulse Code Modulation PSTN Public Switched Telecommunications Netw

43、ork Q Speech-to-speech correlated noise power ratio in dB ETSI ETSI TR 126 978 V14.0.0 (2017-04)83GPP TR 26.978 version 14.0.0 Release 14SD Standard Deviation SID Silence DescriptorSMG Special Mobile Group SNR Signal To Noise Ratio TCH-AFS Traffic CHannel Adaptive Full rate Speech TCH-AHS Traffic CH

44、annel Adaptive Half rate Speech TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TFO Tandem Free Operation tMOPS true Million of Operations per Seconds TUx Typical Urban at multipath propagation profile at x km/s VAD Voice Activity Detector VAF Voice Activity Factor wMOPS weighted Million of Operations per Second

45、s For abbreviations not given in this clause, see GSM 01.04 1. 4 General 4.1 Project History In June 1998 during SMG#26, SMG approved a Work Item to develop and standardise a noise suppression solution for the Adaptive Multi-rate (AMR) speech codec. SMG11 have carried out this work since September 1

46、998 (SMG11#7). The work in SMG11 focussed on the preparations for a Selection Phase with the intention of choosing an example optional noise suppression solution. In the course of this work, documentation covering Requirements 2, Design Constraints, Selection Phase Deliverables, Selection Phase Rule

47、s, and a Selection Phase Test Plan were drafted. In August 1999 the Selection Phase commenced. Six Noise Suppression algorithms were submitted as candidates. The algorithm proposals came from Ericsson (NS5), Matra Nortel Communications (MNC) (NS4), Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (NS1), Motorola (NS

48、6), Nokia (NS3) and Siemens AG (NS2). Testing of candidate solutions was carried out during September-November 1999, and the listening test results were analysed at two meetings: SMG11#13 (December 1999) and SMG11#14 (January 2000). Listening test results and deliverables from proponents (technical

49、descriptions of the algorithms, analysis of compliance to design constraints, additional information such as objective measurements) were reviewed within SMG11. SMG11 were not able to reach a consensus on selecting an example solution, and as a consequence the deliverables from the Work Item were amended during SMG#31 to comprise of a specification defining Recommended Minimum Performance Requirements TBA, an associated Subjective Listening Test Plan, and a Technical Report recording all pertinent information arising from the Selection Phase.