ENV 14383-2-2003 en Prevention of crime - Urban planning and design - Part 2 Urban planning《犯罪防范 城市规划和建筑设计 第2部分 城市规划》.pdf

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1、DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT DD ENV 14383-2:2003 Prevention of crime Urban planning and design Part 2: Urban planning ICS 13.310; 91.020 DD ENV 14383-2:2003 This Draft for Development was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 10 February 2004 BSI 10 February 2004 I

2、SBN 0 580 43412 5 National foreword This Draft for Development is the official English language version of ENV 14383-2:2003. This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a provisional nature to give all

3、 countries the opportunity to compare experiences and to harmonize procedures. It should be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical application may be obtained. Comments arising from the use of this Draft for Development are requested so that UK experie

4、nce can be reported to the European organization responsible for its conversion to a European Standard. A review of this publication will be initiated 2 years after its publication by the European organization so that a decision can be taken on its status at the end of its 3-year life. Notification

5、of the start of the review period will be made in an announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards. According to the replies received by the end of the review period, the responsible BSI Committee will decide whether to support the conversion into a European Standard, to extend the life

6、of the prestandard or to withdraw it. Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of BSI Subcommittee B/209/10, Security of buildings against crime, at British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, giving the document reference and clause number and proposing, where possibl

7、e, an appropriate revision of the text. A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue u

8、nder the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ENV title page, pages 2 to 47 and a back cove

9、r. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEANPRESTANDARD PRNORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHEVORNORM ENV143832 December2003 ICS13.310;91.020 Englishversion PreventionofcrimeUrbanplanningan

10、ddesignPart2:Urban planning PrventiondelamalveillanceUrbanismeetconception desbtimentsPartie2:Urbanisme VorbeugendeKriminalittsbekmpfungStadtund GebudeplanungTeil2:Stadtplannung ThisEuropeanPrestandard(ENV)wasapprovedbyCENon21November2002asaprospectivestandardforprovisionalapplication. Theperiodofva

11、lidityofthisENVislimitedinitiallytothreeyears.AftertwoyearsthemembersofCENwillberequestedto submittheir comments,particularlyonthequestionwhethertheENVcanbeconvertedintoaEuropeanStandard. CENmembersarerequiredtoannouncetheexistenceofthisENVinthesamewayasforanENandtomaketheENVavailablepromp tly atnat

12、ionallevelinanappropriateform.Itispermissibletokeepconflictingnationalstandardsinforce(inparalleltothe ENV)untilthefinal decisionaboutthepossibleconversionoftheENVintoanENisreached. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Greece, Hungary,

13、Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Slovakia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUn ited Kingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2003CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyforma

14、ndbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.ENV143832:2003EENV143832:2003(E) 2 Contents Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope7 2 Normativereferences 7 3 Termsanddefinitions . 7 4 Preliminaryquestions:thearea,itscrimeproblemsandthestakeholders .7 4.1 General7 4.2 Where:Identificationofthe

15、area . 8 4.2.1 Focusonurbanenvironments . .8 4.2.2 Levelatwhichactioncanbetaken .9 4.2.3 Typeofarea 11 4.3 What:Problemidentification .12 4.3.1 Crime 12 4.3.2 Fearofcrime. 13 4.4 Who:Stakeholders. .13 4.5 Insum:identificationofwhere,whatandwho . .14 5 UrbanPlanningandDesignGuidelines 14 5.1 Introduc

16、tion14 5.2 Threecategories,15strategies,morethan100measures . .15 5.2.1 General .15 5.2.2 Urbanplanningstrategies. 15 5.2.3 Urbandesignstrategies. .16 5.2.4 Managementstrategies . .16 5.3 Howtochoosethestrategies 16 6 Processtopreventandreducecrimeproblemsbyurbanplanningandmanagement.17 6.1 General1

17、7 6.2 Responsiblebody,missionStatement,workinggroup .18 6.2.1 General .18 6.2.2 Missionstatement. 18 6.2.3 Workinggroup. 18 6.2.4 Theplanningdocumentoftheworkinggroup 19 6.2.5 Consultationmechanisms. 19 6.3 Stepstobetaken . .19 6.3.1 Step1:Crimerevieworcrimeassessment 19 6.3.2 Step2:Objectives/requi

18、rements. 20 6.3.3 Step3:Plan 20 6.3.4 Step4:Decisionbyresponsiblebody .21 6.3.5 Step5:Actionandimplementation. 21 6.3.6 Step6:Monitor,auditandcorrectiveaction .21 6.4 Flowchart 21 AnnexA (informative) Assessmentofcrimepreventiveandfearreducingfeaturesofaplan foranewarea. .23 AnnexB (informative)Crim

19、ereview:problemidentificationinanexistingarea .27 AnnexC (informative) Fearofcrime. .29 AnnexD (informative)Problemxstrategy/measurematricesfor8typesofenvironment .31ENV1 43832: 2003(E) 3 Foreword Thisdocu ment(ENV 143832: 2003) has been prepared by Technical CommitteeCEN/ TC3 25Pr evention of crime

20、 byur ban planningand building design. Thesecretariatof whichis held byDS untilOcto ber2 002 and sincet hen held by SNV. Thestatusof European Prestandard(E NV) wasp roposedt o give allco untries the opportunitytoco mpare experiencesa ndt o harmoniseproce dures. ThisEurop ean Prestandard iso neof ase

21、ries forthe“ Preventionofcrimebyurbanplanningandbuilding design”,thatconsistsofthefollowingParts: Part1: Terminology. Part2: Urbanplanning. Part3: Dwellings. Part4:OfficesandShops. Int heEurop ean Prestandard the Annexes At o Dar e informative. Accordingt o the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations,t he

22、nationalst andards organizationsof the following countries are boundt o announcet hisEurop ean Prestandard:Aust ria, Belgium,C zech Republic,Den mark, Finland,France, Germany,Gr eece, Hungary,Ic eland,I reland, Italy,Luxe mbourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,Sl ovakia, Spain,Sw eden, Switzer

23、land and the United Kingdom.ENV143832:2003(E) 4 Introduction Crimeandfearofcrimeasmajorproblems TheEuropeanUrbanCharterassertsthebasicrightforcitizensofEuropeantownsto“asecureandsafetown free,asfaraspossible,fromcrime,delinquencyandaggression“.Thisbasicrighttoasafecommunityhas beenenshrinedintomanyn

24、ationalandlocalcrimereductionprogramsalloverEurope. ThefinaldeclarationofanInternationalConference 1) organisedbytheCouncilofEuropesCongressofLocal andRegionalAuthoritiesofEurope(CLRAE;Erfurt26.28.February1997)stated: “thatcrime,fearofcrimeandurbaninsecurityinEuropearemajorproblemsaffectingthepublic

25、()andthat findingsatisfactorysolutionsforthemisoneofthemainkeystocivicpeaceandstability.“ ThefirstrecommendationfromthisconferencewasthatlocalandregionalauthoritiesinEuropedevelop integratedcrimereductionactionplans,withcontinuingpublicinvolvement,inwhichcrimereductionis includedasapolicyinallaspect

26、softheresponsibilitiesoflocalauthorities.Suchaplanshoulddefinethe natureandtypeofcrimetobetackled,objectives,timetable,proposalsforactionandbebasedonawide ranginguptodatesurveyofstatisticsanddiagnosisofcrime. InthisrespecttheCLRAEconferenceinErfurtalsostressedtheimportancetopromotecollaborationbetwe

27、en thepoliceandprofessionaldesignersandensurethatpoliceofficersarespeciallytrainedtoadviseonthe relationshipbetweencrimeandthebuiltenvironment“. Crimepreventionandfearreductionbyurbanplanningandbuildingdesign TheJusticeandHomeAffairscounciloftheEuropeanUnion(meeting15032001)agreedpoliticallyonthe co

28、nclusionoftheEUexpertsConferenceTowardsaknowledgebasedstrategytopreventcrime(Sundsvall, Sweden,21.23.February2001).Thisconferenceconcludedthat“CrimePreventionthroughEnvironmental Design,orDesigningoutCrime(CPTED/DOC),hasproventobeauseful,effective,veryconcreteand feasiblestrategytopreventcrimeandfee

29、lingsofinsecurity,integratedinamultidisciplinaryapproach.Best practicesregardingCPTED/DOCshouldbecollected,evaluatedandmadeaccessibleforstakeholders.This processshouldutiliseacommonframeworkofconceptsandprocesses,andtransferableprinciplesshouldbe identified“. Thisconferencealsounderlined“asregardspr

30、eventionofthefearofcrime,thatthefearofcrimeshouldbe viewedandtreatedasasocialprobleminitsownright“. Statementsandrecommendationsaboutthecollaborationbetweenenvironmentaldesign/planningspecialists andcrimeexpertsarebecomingmoreandmorecommonnowadaysinEuropeancountries.Thesestatements andrecommendation

31、sarebasedonassumptionsregardingtheinterrelationshipsbetweenthephysical environmentandhumanbehaviour.Itisobviousthattheresultsofurbanplanningandarchitecturedo influencethechoiceof conductandchoiceofroutesofallpeople(young/old,woman/man,potential offender/potentialvictim). Henceurbanplanningalsohasani

32、mpactoncrimeandfearofcrimebyinfluencingtheconductandattitudes ofe.g. offenders; formalguardianssuchaspolice; informalguardianssuchasresidentssurveyinganenvironment; 1 ) CrimeandUrbaninsecurity:theroleandresponsibilitiesoflocalandregionalauthorities.ENV143832:2003(E) 5 potentialvictims(and/ortargets)

33、ofcrimeorvictimsoffearofcrime. Agreatnumberofexperimentshaveshownthatparticulartypesofcrimecanbereducedbymodifyingthe opportunityforcrimeinthebuiltenvironment.Movingthenighttimetaverncrowdawayfromvacant storefrontsafterclosingtimewillinevitablyreducethenumberofburglariesandvandalismincidentstothe st

34、ores.Controllingtheaccessinto,andnaturalsightlinesthrough,undergroundparkingareaswillincreasethe opportunityforoffenderstobeseenandcaught.Thisinturnwillreducethenumberofassaultsandcarcrimes inthoseparkingareas.Thelistofsuccessfulopportunityreductionexamplesgoeson.InCanadaandthe USAthishascometobekno

35、wnascrimepreventionthroughenvironmentaldesignCPTED(pronounced septed) 2 ) . InEuropetheconceptisalsoknownasthereductionofcrimeandfearofcrimebyurbanplanningand architecturaldesign.Inshort,“Designingoutcrime“ 3) . Therearenumerousexamplesofhousingprojectswherebaddesignhascontributedtothegeneraldecay a

36、nddeclineofurbanareas.Badlydesignedhousingestateshavebeenrebuiltwiththoughtandconsideration todiminishcriminalopportunity.Inmanycasesaftertherefurbishmentresidentshavewishedtoreturntothe estateswherebeforetheyhadleftastheyfearedfortheirsafety.Newestatesandhousingprojectsarenow incorporatinggoodcrime

37、preventionfeaturesatthedesignstage. Shoppingcentresareanotherbuildingcategorythatisbenefitingfromgoodplanningideas.Thesitingofthe centre,carparksandtransportinfrastructureareallbeingincorporatedatdesignstagetoaccommodategood designfeatures.Supermarketsarealsoadoptingdesigningoutcrimemeasurestoreduce

38、bothinternaltheft aswellascrimecommittedbycustomers. Researchershaveidentifiedreductionsincrimefollowing,forexample,theintroductionofdesignchangesin largemunicipalhousingestates.Thereisalsooverwhelmingevidenceconcerningfearandthebuilt environment,e.g.pedestriansubways,lackofsurveillance,andparticula

39、rlytheleveloflightinganddark streets.Similarparallelscanbedrawnwithregardtovandalism.Whenquestioned,offenders(andvictims)of burglary,cartheftandrape/assault,haveallmentionedenvironmental/designfactors.Theresearchfindings showthatthefeelingsofinsecurityofvictimsareclearlyrelatedtotheverysamefeatureso

40、ftheplacethat attractoffenderstocommitacrime. NowondermoreandmorelocalandregionalauthoritiesinEuropearenowinsistingonplanningapplications showingproofthattheprinciplesofcrimepreventionandfearreductionbyurbanplanningandbuildingdesign havebeenadopted. Conclusion Theconclusionfromtheliterature,research

41、andprojectorpolicyevaluationscanbesummarisedasfollows: 1) urbanplanninghasanimpactonthedifferenttypesofcrimeandfearofcrimebyinfluencingtheconduct, attitudes,choicesandfeelingsofe.g.offenders,victims,residents,police; 2) crimecanbesubdividedinspecifictypes(burglary,vandalismetc.); 3) crimeandfearofcr

42、imearedifferentphenomena; 4) fearofcrimeisanimportantissuebutithastobeseparatedfromamuchbroadersetoffeelingspeople haveaboutthewholeoftheirlivingspaceandaboutthedegreetowhichtheyfeeldeprivedofagood socialandphysicalenvironmenttolivein; 5) asecurerandsafercityorneighbourhoodistheresultofasafetypolicy

43、aimingatthephysicalandsocial environment; 2 ) TheconceptofCPTEDisalsousedintheworldwideassociationofresearchers,specialistsandpractitionersinthisfield: theInternationalCPTEDAssociation(ICA;see: http:/ 3 ) SeealsotheEuropeanDesigningOutCrimeAssociation: http:/ andtheEuropeanCrimePreventionNetwork (Brussels): http:/europa.eu.int/comm/justice_home/eucpn/home.htmlENV143832:2003(E) 6 6) policymakersandpractitionersshouldneverfocusonplanninganddesignonly.Everynewlybuilt neighbourhood,publicspaceorb