EN ISO 14688-2-2004 en Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 2 Principles for a classification (Incorporates Amendment A1 2013)《.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN ISO 14688-2:2004Incorporating corrigendum no. 1Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of soil Part 2: Principles for a classificationThe European Standard EN ISO 14688-2:2004 has the status of a British StandardICS 93.020 BS EN ISO +A1:2013Inco

2、rporating corrigendum February 2007BS EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:2013ISBN 978 0 580 73733 6Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Comments16928 Corrigendum No. 128 February 2007 Revision of National foreword30 November 2013 Implementation of ISO amendment 1:2013, with CEN endorsemen

3、t A1:2013: Clause 4.5 modified, Table 3 title updatedThis British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 25 January 2006 The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013National forewordThis British Standard is the

4、UK implementation of EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:2013. It is identical to ISO 14688-2:2004, incorporating amendment 1:2013. It supersedes BS EN ISO 14688-2:2004, which is withdrawn. It partially supersedes BS 5930:1999+A2:2010.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B

5、/526, Geotechnics, to Subcommittee B/526/3, Site investigation and ground testing.A list of organizations represented on the subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Table 4 provides some scale of density terms based on the Density Index. It needs to be made clear whether the terms “

6、very loose”, “loose”, “medium dense”, “dense” and “very dense” have been derived from this table or from SPT N values, the latter being more commonly used in the UK. Table 5 provides a scale of undrained shear strength values based on test results. This scale has no descriptive element, and uses dif

7、ferent terms to those previously used in UK practice and as given in BS 5930:1999+A2:2010. It is suggested that where test results are available the terms in Table 5 be used in preference to the field descriptive terms given in 5.14 of BS EN ISO 14688-1:2002.Annex B provides an example of a soil cla

8、ssification based on grading alone. This is not an approach that suits UK practice and so it is recommended that a method of classification which also includes other characteristics such as plasticity, water content and density is used.The publication does not purport to include all the necessary pr

9、ovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN ISO 14688-2July 2004ICS 93.020English versionGeotechnical investigation and testing - Identific

10、ation andclassification of soil - Part 2: Principles for a classification (ISO14688-2:2004)Reconnaissance et essais gotechniques - Dnomination,description et classification des sols - Partie 2: Principespour une classification (ISO 14688-2:2004)Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung -Benennung, Be

11、schreibung und Klassifizierung von Boden -Teil 2: Grundlagen von Bodenklassifizierung (ISO 14688-2:2004)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 June 2004.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard

12、 the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, Germa

13、n). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark

14、, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES

15、KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN ISO 14688-2:2004: EEN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1September 2013Foreword This document (EN ISO 14688-2:2004) has bee

16、n prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182 “Geotechnics“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 341 “Geotechnical Investigation and Testing“, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication ofan ident

17、ical textor by endorsement, at the latestby January2005, and conflicting national standards shall bewithdrawn at the latest by January2005. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations ofthe following countries are bound to implement this European Standard:

18、 Austria, Belgium,Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text o

19、f ISO 14688-2:2004 has been approved byCEN as EN ISO 14688-2:2004 without anymodifications. EN ISO 14688-2:2004BS EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:2013EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:2013Foreword to amendment A1EN ISO 14688-2:2004/A1:2013 (E)3ForewordThis document (EN ISO 14688-2:2004/A1:2013) has been prepared by Tec

20、hnical Committee ISO/TC 182 “Geotechnics“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 341 “Geotechnical Investigation and Testing” the secretariat of which is held by ELOT.This Amendment to the European Standard EN ISO 14688:2004 shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publi

21、cation of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2014.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall

22、 not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmar

23、k, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.Endorsement notic

24、eThe text of ISO 14688-2:2004/Amd 1:2013 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14688-2:2004/A1:2013without any modification.Reference numberISO 14688-2:2004(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO14688-2First edition2004-07-15Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of soil Part 2:

25、Principles for a classificationReconnaissance et essais gotechniques Dnomination, description et classification des sols Partie 2: Principes pour une classification EN ISO 14688-2:2004BS EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:2013EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:2013iiiContents PageForewordiv1 Scope12 Normative references .1

26、3 Terms and definitions.24 Principles of soil classifications .34.1 General.34.2 Fractions44.3 Particle size distribution (grading)44.4 Plasticity.54.5 Organic content.55 Other principles suitable for soil classification.55.1 General.55.2 Correlations of density terms for sands and gravels55.3 Undra

27、ined shear strength of fine soils.65.4 Consistency index75.5 Other suitable parameters7Annex A (informative) Principles of soil classifications.8Annex B (informative) Example of a classification of soils, based on grading alone.10Bibliography.13EN ISO 14688-2:2004iiiContents PageForeword. iv1 Scope.

28、2 Normative references .13 Terms and definitions.24 Principles of soil classifications .34.1 General.34.2 Fractions44.3 Particle size distribution (grading)44.4 Plasticity.54.5 Organic content.5 Other principles suitable for soil classification.55.1 General.55.2 Correlations of density terms for san

29、ds and gravels55.3 Undrained shear strength of fine soils.65.4 Consistency index75.5 Other suitable parameters. 7A Principles of soil classifications.8Annex B (informative) Example of a classification of soils, based on grading alone.10Bibliography.13EN ISO 14688-2:2004BS EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:2013

30、EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:20131Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of soil Part 2: Principles for a classification1 Scope This part of ISO14688, together with ISO 14688-1, establishes the basic principles for the identification andclassification of soils on the basi

31、s of those material and masscharacteristics most commonly used for soils forengineering purposes. The relevant characteristicsmayvary and therefore, for particular projects or materials,more detailed subdivisions of the descriptive and classification termsmay be appropriate. Identification and descr

32、iption of soil are covered by ISO 14688-1. The classification principles established in this part of ISO14688 permit soils to be grouped into classesofsimilar composition and geotechnical properties and, with respect to their suitability for geotechnical engineering purposes, such as foundations, gr

33、ound improvements, roads, embankments, dams, and drainage systems.This part of ISO14688 is applicable to natural soil and similar man-made material in situ and redeposited, butit is not a classification of soil by itself. Identification and description of rock are covered by ISO 14689-1. 2 Normative

34、referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenceddocument (including anyamendments) applies.ISO 3310-1, Test sieves Technical requireme

35、nts and testing Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth ISO 3310-2, Test sieves Technical requirements and testing Part 2: Test sieves of perforated metalplate EN ISO 14688-2:2004BS EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:2013EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:20132 ISO 14688-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing Identifica

36、tion and classification of soil Part 1: Identification and descriptionISO 14689-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing Identification and classification of rock Part1:Identification and description 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of ISO 14688-1

37、 and the following apply. 3.1 soil classificationassignment of soil into soilgroups on the basis of certain characteristics, criteria and genesis3.2 soil group a particular collection of soils of similar composition and geotechnical properties3.3 uniformity coefficientCUmeasure of the shape of the g

38、rading curve within the range from d10to d60CU= d60/d10NOTE d10and d60are the particle sizes corresponding to the ordinates 10 % and 60 % by mass of the percentagepassing. 3.4 coefficient of curvature CCmeasure of the shape of the grading curve within the range from d10, d30to d60CC= (d30)2/(d10 d60

39、) 3.5 water content wmass of water which can be removed from the soil, usuallybydrying, expressed as a percentage of the drymass 3.6 liquid limit wLwater content atwhich a fine soil passes from the liquid to the plastic condition, as determined by the liquid limit test3.7 plastic limitwPwater conten

40、t at which a fine soil becomes too dry to be in a plastic condition, as determined by the plasticlimit test3.8 plasticity index IPnumerical difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of a fine soilIP= wL wPEN ISO 14688-2:2004BS EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:2013EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:201333.9 li

41、quidity indexILnumerical difference between the natural water content and the plastic limit expressed as a percentage ratio of the plasticityindexIL= (w wP)/IP3.10 consistency indexICnumerical difference between the liquid limit and the natural water content expressed as a percentage ratio of the pl

42、asticity indexIC= (wL w)/IP3.11 density indexIDcoarse soils (sands and gravels) index dependent upon the void ratio (e) and the void ratios corresponding tothe minimum density (emax)and the maximum density (emin), asmeasured in the laboratoryID= (emax e)/(emax emin) 3.12 undrained shear strengthcush

43、ear resistance of soil in the undrained condition 3.13 void ratio ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids of a soil 3.14 compressibility index Cccompressibilityindex isdefined according to the relationlg ( )/ (lg)ceeC = = + NOTE e is the change in void ratio (negative value when e decre

44、ases) and (lg)eis the change in void ratio e for a relative increase of effective stress from lg to lg( + ). 4 Principles of soil classifications 4.1 General Soils shall be classified into soil groups on the basis of their nature which is the composition only, irrespective of their water content or

45、compactness, taking into account the following characteristics: particle size distribution (grading); plasticity; organic content; genesis. NOTE Some principles for soil classification are given in Annex A. EN ISO 14688-2:2004BS EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:2013EN ISO 14688-2:2004+A1:20134 4.2 Fractions S

46、oilis a mixture of materials of different particle size, which are grouped into fractions as specified inISO 14688-1. Classification of coarse and very coarse soils is to be based on the particle size distribution alone (see 4.3 andTable 1). Table 1 Classificationof very coarse soil Fraction Percent

47、 by mass TermBoulders 20 low boulder content medium boulder content high boulder content Cobbles 20 low cobble content medium cobblecontent high cobblecontent NOTE The classification of verycoarse soils requiresa very large sample. It is not possible to recover representativesamples from boreholes t

48、o use this classification. In the case of soils composed of both fine and coarse material, classification is to be based on both plasticityand particle size distribution (see 4.3 and 4.4). 4.3Particle size distribution (grading) The particle sizes and their distribution in a soil are determined by m

49、echanical analysis carried out as follows: the separation of the coarser fractions by sieving on a series of standard sieves according to ISO3310-1 and ISO 3310-2; the determination of the finer fractions byan accepted process (e.g. sedimentation, optical methods).NOTE An example of how this can be done is given in Annex B. The results of the sieving a