EN ISO 13138-2012 en Air quality - Sampling conventions for airborne particle deposition in the human respiratory system《空气质量 人体呼吸系统中悬浮颗粒沉积的采样规则》.pdf

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1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 13138:2012Air quality Samplingconventions for airborneparticle deposition in thehuman respiratory system (ISO13138:2012)BS EN ISO 13138:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational fo

2、rewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO13138:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/2/2, Work place atmospheres.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does n

3、ot purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 67284 2ICS 13.040.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obli

4、gations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 29 February 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 13138 January 2012 ICS 13.040.01 English Version Air quality

5、 - Sampling conventions for airborne particle deposition in the human respiratory system (ISO 13138:2012) Qualit de lair - Conventions de prlvement de particules aroportes en fonction de leur dpt dans les voies respiratoires humaines (ISO 13138:2012) Luftbeschaffenheit - Probenahmekonventionen fr di

6、e Abscheidung luftgetragener Partikel im menschlichen Atmungssystem (ISO 13138:2012) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 January 2012. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of

7、 a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German)

8、. A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, C

9、yprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDAR

10、DIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 13138:2012: EBS EN ISO 13138:2012EN ISO 13138:2012

11、 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN ISO 13138:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146 “Air quality“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 137 “Assessment of workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standar

12、d shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this docu

13、ment may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard:

14、Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the Unit

15、ed Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 13138:2012 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 13138:2012 without any modification. BS EN ISO 13138:2012ISO 13138:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope 12 Normative references .13 Terms and definitions .1

16、4 Principle .34.1 General .34.2 Rationale for the early penetration conventions (EN 481 and ISO 7708) .44.3 Need for particle deposition conventions 44.4 Intended application .45 Assumptions and approximations .46 Deposition sampling conventions 5Annex A (informative) Deposition variation and its co

17、rrection 10Bibliography .16BS EN ISO 13138:2012ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each mem

18、ber body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International El

19、ectrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopt

20、ed by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent

21、 rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 13138 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Workplace atmospheres.ISO 13138:2012(E)iv ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 13138:2012IntroductionAerosols comprise d

22、isperse systems of particles, liquid or solid, inorganic or organic, anthropogenic or natural in origin. They are found in all working and living environments, indoors or outdoors. The range of aerosol types is vast. Many can be hazardous to humans when exposure occurs by inhalation, leading to a wi

23、de range of diseases, depending on where inhaled particles are deposited in the respiratory tract. Many specific diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumoconiosis (including coal workers pneumoconiosis, silicosis and asbestosis), and lung cancer are all known to be associated with aeros

24、ol exposures by inhalation. Protection of workers and the general public therefore requires meaningful standards by which such exposures may be regulated. The emergence of such standards goes back to the beginning of the 1900s, and has accelerated in the decades running up to the publication of this

25、 International Standard with increasing awareness of the associations between exposures and disease, along with better understanding of the nature of aerosols and exposures to them. Even very early on, the particle-size role in the penetration of particles into, and deposition within, the respirator

26、y tract has been acknowledged. Based on a large body of research that has been conducted since 1960 and before, understanding of the role of particle size in the distribution of and deposition of particles in the various regions of the respiratory tract has led to the stipulation of particle size-se

27、lective curves that provide guidelines for the performance of sampling instruments, of the type widely used by occupational and environmental hygienists, that may be used to measure exposures in a way that is directly relevant to any of the health effects of interest.The original conventions, based

28、on experimental data from carefully controlled inhalation studies with human volunteers, were expressed as curves describing penetration to the region of interest as a function of particle size, latterly (since the 1960s) in terms of the metric known as particle aerodynamic diameter in the size rang

29、e extending from 0,5 m to 100 m. These conventions led to the emergence of samplers for collecting the inhalable, thoracic, and respirable mass fractions of ambient airborne particles, in both working and living environments, although the conventions are not restricted solely to mass sampling. The c

30、onventions were deliberately set up conservatively in view of the large inter- and intra-person variation and with full acknowledgement that the actual deposition of particles (and hence true exposure) differs from penetration, e.g. to or within the alveolar region of the lung and other scenarios, e

31、specially when there are particularly fine aerosols. From the outset, therefore, it was to be expected that correlations between disease and exposure might be somewhat limited. However, such an approach readily paved the way for aerosol scientists to develop reasonably simple samplers or monitors wh

32、ose performance could adequately match the conventions of interest.With the current availability of large amounts of information on aerosol particle deposition in the human respiratory tract, with ongoing development of more advanced and truly representative sampling instruments, and with research i

33、nto health-effect determinants such as deposited particle surface area (as opposed to mass), the establishment of conventions that allow for more direct estimations of actual deposition is now justified. This International Standard provides conventions for samplers intended to represent fractions of

34、 inhaled aerosol particles actually depositing in specific areas of the respiratory system. The particle size range is extended below 0,1 m where deposition is dominated by diffusion (Brownian motion).Whether these new conventions will in fact lead to significantly improved correlation between expos

35、ure and disease is, at the time of publication, still an open question. Nonetheless, deposition is likely to be a more relevant potentially causative factor than one that includes exhaled particles that do not interact with the body. Whereas the earlier conventions have already been adopted in many

36、legal schemes for determining compliance with exposure levels deemed safe, the newer conventions are expected to be applied initially in forthcoming health effects research. Eventually, however, it is possible that compliance standards themselves will be revised if suitable samplers come into use, a

37、nd correlation between exposure measurements and health effects are in fact found to be significantly improved.ISO 13138:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBS EN ISO 13138:2012BS EN ISO 13138:2012INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13138:2012(E)Air quality Sampling conventions for airborne particle deposi

38、tion in the human respiratory systemIMPORTANT The electronic file of this document contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of the document. Users should therefore consider printing this document using a colour printer.1 ScopeThis International Standard specif

39、ies sampling conventions to define idealized samplers for estimating the deposition of non-volatile, non-hygroscopic, non-fibrous aerosols in five specific loci of the respiratory tract. The five loci consist of the anterior and posterior areas of the nasal passages, the ciliated and non-ciliated pa

40、rts of the tracheobronchial area, and the alveolar (gas exchange) region.The conventions are separated into three independent sampling efficiencies defined in terms of thermodynamic diameter characterizing the diffusive (Brownian) motion of sub-micrometre particles and four efficiencies in terms of

41、aerodynamic diameter 0,1 m characterizing deposition by impaction, interception or gravitational settling. Each conventional curve has been developed as an average of 12 deposition curves corresponding to 12 breathing conditions ranging from sitting to heavy exercise, male vs female, and breathing m

42、ode (mouth vs nasal breathing).NOTE Deposition is computed according to a model developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, Reference 3).2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated referenc

43、es, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 7708, Air quality Particle size fraction definitions for health-related samplingISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, Uncertainty of measurement Part 3: Guide to the ex

44、pression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995)EN 481, Workplace atmospheres Size fraction definitions for measurement of airborne particlesEN 13205, Workplace atmospheres Assessment of performance of instruments for measurement of airborne particle concentrations3 Terms and definitionsFor the pur

45、poses of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1aerodynamic diameternullaediameter of a sphere of density null0= 103kg mnull3= 1 g cmnull3with the same terminal velocity due to gravitational force in calm air as the particle, under the prevailing conditions of temperature, press

46、ure and relative humidity within the respiratory tractNOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 7708:1995, 2.2.NOTE 2 The aerodynamic diameter is applicable to any particle, but it is dependent on the density, shape and porosity of the particle. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 13138:2012NOTE 3 Under the condi

47、tions of interest in this International Standard, the aerodynamic diameter of a spherical particle is generally equal to null(null/null0), where null is the geometric diameter of the sphere. For high-density spheres of diameter of the order of 0,1 m where the corpuscular aspects of the air can be si

48、gnificant, a “slip”-correction factor is required (see Reference 3).NOTE 4 For particles with aerodynamic diameter below approximately 0,4 m, the thermodynamic diameter becomes more significant in characterizing deposition than aerodynamic diameter.3.2thermodynamic diameternullthdiameter of a sphere

49、 with the same diffusion coefficient as the particle under prevailing conditions of temperature and pressure within the respiratory tractNOTE 1 The weak dependence of the thermodynamic diameter on the relative humidity is neglected (see Reference 3).NOTE 2 The thermodynamic diameter is applicable to any particle, regardless of its shape and is independent of the density of the particle.NOTE 3 The thermodynamic diameter is equal to the geometric diameter for spherical particles of interest in this International Standard.NOTE 4 For pa