EN ISO 5456-1-1999 en Technical drawings Projection methods Part 1 Synopsis《技术制图 投影法 第1部分 概要 ISO 5456-1-1996》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN ISO 5456-1:1999 Technical drawings Projection methods Part 1: Synopsis The European Standard EN ISO 5456-1:1999 has the status of a British Standard ICS 01.100.01 BS EN ISO 5456-1:1999 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Co

2、mmittee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 October 1999 BSI 15 September 2002 ISBN 0 580 35161 0 National foreword This British Standard is the English language version of EN ISO 5456-1:1999. It is identical with ISO 5456-1:1996. The UK particip

3、ation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee TDE/4, Engineering drawing, metrology, precision measurement and all related documentation, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-refer

4、ences Attention is drawn to the fact that CEN and CENELEC Standards normally include an annex which lists normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications. The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in thi

5、s document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. User

6、s of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, o

7、r proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN ISO title page, the EN ISO foreword page, the ISO title page, pages

8、 ii to iv, pages 1 to 5 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 5456-1 July 1999 ICS 01.100.10 English version

9、 Technical drawings Projection methods Part 1: Synopsis (ISO 5456-1:1996) Dessins techniques Mthodes des projection Partie 1: Rcapitulatif (ISO 5456-1:1996) Technische Zeichnungen Projektionsmethoden Teil 1: bersicht (ISO 5456-1:1996) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 May 1999. CEN me

10、mbers are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on applica

11、tion to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the

12、 same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CEN European Committ

13、ee for Standardization Comit Europen de Normalisation Europisches Komitee fr Normung Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels 1999 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 5456-1:1999 EEN ISO 5456-1:1999

14、BSI 15 September 2002 Foreword The text of the International Standard from Technical Committee ISO/TC 10, Technical drawings, product definition and related documentation, of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has been taken over as a European Standard CEN/CS. This European Sta

15、ndard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2000, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2000. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national st

16、andards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsem

17、ent notice The text of the International Standard ISO 5456-1:1996 has been approved by CEN as a European Standard without any modification. NOTE Normative references to International Standards are listed in Annex ZA (normative).EN ISO 5456-1:1999 ii BSI 15 September 2002 Foreword ISO (the Internatio

18、nal Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been

19、established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standar

20、dization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 5456-1 was prepared by Technical Com

21、mittee ISO/TC 10, Technical drawings, product definition and related documentation, Subcommittee SC 1, Basic conventions. ISO 5456 consists of the following parts, under the general title Technical drawings Projection methods: Part 1: Synopsis Part 2: Orthographic representations Part 3: Axonometric

22、 representations Part 4: Central projection Annex A of this part of ISO 5456 is for information only. Descriptors: graphic methods, drawings, technical drawings, graphic projections, surveys.EN ISO 5456-1:1999 BSI 15 September 2002 iii Introduction In the broad field of technical activities, various

23、 projection methods are used to represent objects. All these methods have their own merits, but also their inherent disadvantages. The normal technical drawing if often an orthogonal projection, in which related representations of more than one view are utilized (see ISO 5456-2) to draw and complete

24、ly define any object by means of carefully chosen views, cuts and sections. However, the execution of such two-dimensional representations requires an understanding of both the projection method and its interpretation, so that the observer will be able to synthesize the single views into a three-dim

25、ensional object. For many technical fields and their stages of development, however, it is necessary to provide an easily understood picture to observers. Such drawings, called pictorial representation, provide a three-dimensional view of an object as it would appear to the observer. No special tech

26、nical training for reading pictorial representations is necessary. Pictorial representations may be presented on their own or may supplement orthogonal drawings. Various methods of pictorial representations exist, but their nomenclatures differ, and may be used even contradictorily. The steady incre

27、ase in global technical intercommunication, as well as the evolution of methods of computer-aided design and draughting with their various types of three-dimensional representations, suggest the need for ISO/TC 10 to clarify this problem. The rules and conventions given in ISO 5456 should be used, i

28、n accordance with ISO 128, for all types of technical drawings and in all fields of technical activities, such as: mechanical and construction drawings; manuals and instruction books; X-ray views; exploded views.iv blankEN ISO 5456-1:1999 BSI 15 September 2002 1 1 Scope This part of ISO 5456 gives a

29、 survey of the various types of projection methods as well as their geometric relationships. Parts 2 to 4 specify details for the selection and application of the various projection methods. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, cons

30、titute provisions of this part of ISO 5456. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 5456 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standar

31、ds indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 1503:1977, Geometrical orientation and directions of movements. ISO 5456-2:1996, Technical drawings Projection methods Part 2: Orthographic representations. ISO 5456-3:1996, Technical drawin

32、gs Projection methods Part 3: Axonometric representations. ISO 5456-4:1996, Technical drawings Projection methods Part 4: Central projection. ISO 10209-1:1992, Technical product documentation Vocabulary Part 1: Terms relating to technical drawings: general and types of drawings. ISO 10209-2:1993, Te

33、chnical product documentation Vocabulary Part 2: Terms relating to projection methods. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO 5456, the definitions given in ISO 10209-1 and ISO 10209-2 and the following definitions apply. 3.1 pictorial representation parallel or central projection on a s

34、ingle projection plane giving a three-dimensional image of an object 3.2 true view view of the features of an object that lie on a plane parallel to the projection plane; geometrically similar to the corresponding features of the object 3.3 exploded view drawing of an assembly in pictorial represent

35、ation in which all the components are drawn to the same scale and correctly orientated relative to each other, but are separated from each other in their correct sequence along common axes NOTE 1 This term should not be confused with representations where a covering layer is removed in order to show

36、 inner portions like those presented in section (cut-away view). 3.4 principal view view of an object showing the important features, which may be chosen from the point of view of design, assembly, sales, service or maintenance EN ISO 5456-1:1999 2 BSI 15 September 2002 4 Survey of projection method

37、s Projection methods are defined by: the type of projectors, which may be either parallel or convergent; the position of the projection plane in relation to the projectors, either orthogonal or oblique; the position of the object (its main features), which may be either parallel/orthogonal or obliqu

38、e to the projection plane. A survey of the various possibilities and their relationships is given in Table 1. 5 Geometrical orientation Geometrical orientation in space is given by coordinate axes and coordinate planes in accordance with the arrangement given by the right-hand rule (see ISO 1503). 5

39、.1 Coordinate axes Coordinate axes are imaginary lines in space which intersect at right angles to each other at the origin. There are three coordinate axes: X, Y and Z (see Figure 1), to be designated by capital letters. 5.2 Coordinate planes Three imaginary planes in space which intersect each oth

40、er at right angles. Each of the three coordinate planes is defined by two coordinate axes and includes the origin. They are designated by capital letters XY, YZ and XZ (see Figure 2). NOTE 2 Coordinate planes and projection planes are not always the same, therefore, if necessary, appropriate indicat

41、ion (designation) should be shown on the drawing. Figure 1EN ISO 5456-1:1999 BSI 15 September 2002 3 6 Invariables Depending on the projection method chosen, certain features of the object are represented in true view as follows: 6.1 The central projection invariable is: the size of angles in planes

42、 which are parallel to the projection plane; therefore the projection plane figures lying in planes parallel to the projection plane are similar. 6.2 Oblique projection invariables are: the parallelism of lines, unless they are parallel to the projection lines; the divisional ratio of lines; the siz

43、e of angles, length of lines and all plane figures in planes parallel to the projection plane. 6.3 Orthogonal projection invariables are: the parallelism of lines, unless they are parallel to the projection lines; the divisional ratio of lines; the size of angles, length of lines and all plane figur

44、es in planes parallel to the projection plane; right angles, if one side of the right angle in the object is parallel to the projection plane. Table 1 Projection systems Figure 2 Projection centre Position of projection plane to projectors Main features of the object in relation to projection plane

45、Number of projection planes Type of view Type of projection Infinite (parallel projectors) Orthogonal Parallel/orthogonal One or more Two-dimensional Orthogonal (ISO 5456-2) Oblique One Three-dimensional Oblique Parallel/orthogonal One Three-dimensional Axonometric (ISO 5456-3) Oblique One Three-dim

46、ensional Finite (convergent projectors) Oblique Oblique One Three-dimensional Central (ISO 5456-4)EN ISO 5456-1:1999 4 BSI 15 September 2002 Annex A (informative) Bibliography 1 ISO 128:1982, Technical drawings General principles of presentation.EN ISO 5456-1:1999 BSI 15 September 2002 5 Annex ZA (n

47、ormative) Normative references to international publications with their relevant European publications This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publication

48、s are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. Publication Year T

49、itle EN Year ISO 10209-2 1993 Technical product documentation Vocabulary Part 2: Terms relating to projection methods EN ISO 10209-2 1996BS EN ISO 5456-1:1999 BSI 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL BSI British Standards Institution BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It