EN 15460-2007 en Water quality - Guidance standard for the surveying of macrophytes in lakes《水质 湖泊中水生植物调查用指南标准》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARDBS EN 15460:2007Water quality Guidance standard for the surveying of macrophytes in lakesThe European Standard EN 15460:2007 has the status of a British StandardICS 13.060.70g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g

2、51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS EN 15460:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 54643 3National forewordThis British Standard is

3、 the UK implementation of EN 15460:2007. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee EH/3, Water quality, to Subcommittee EH/3/5, Biological methods.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication doe

4、s not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE

5、NORMEN 15460October 2007ICS 13.060.70English VersionWater quality - Guidance standard for the surveying ofmacrophytes in lakesQualit de leau - Guide pour ltude des macrophytesdans les lacsWasserbeschaffenheit - Anleitung zur Erfassung vonMakrophyten in SeenThis European Standard was approved by CEN

6、on 1 September 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards ma

7、y be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN

8、 Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,

9、Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form

10、 and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15460:2007: EEN 15460:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Principle6 5 Equipment 7 6 Survey planning.9 7 Survey procedure 12 8 Aquatic macrophyte id

11、entification.17 9 Fixation and preservation .17 10 Data collation and classification18 11 Quality assurance19 Bibliography 20 EN 15460:2007 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15460:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This

12、 European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2008. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the el

13、ements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. WARNING Working in or around water is inherently dangerous. This standard does not purport to address the safety problems associated with its u

14、se. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to ensure compliance with national regulatory conditions where they exist. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to

15、 implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switze

16、rland and the United Kingdom. EN 15460:2007 (E) 4 Introduction Macrophytes are an important component of aquatic ecosystems and can be used to facilitate monitoring of ecological status. The requirement for the use of macrophytes in monitoring is inherent in numerous European and national directives

17、, e.g. Urban Waste water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC), and the Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC). Macrophytes are one of four obligatory biological quality elements identified in the Water Framework Directive (Council Directive establishing a framework for a community action in the field of water

18、policy, 2000/60/EC), and should be used in the ecological classification of all lakes. In addition to their important ecological role, the use of macrophytes as indicators of ecological status in standing waters is based on the fact that certain species and species groups are indicators for specific

19、 standing water types and are adversely affected by anthropogenic impact. In certain situations the lack of macrophytes is also a natural characteristic of certain types of aquatic habitat. For example, in lakes with high humic content or high turbidity, macrophytes may be virtually absent due to th

20、e reduction in light penetration. Many lakes show alternating states with clear water in some years and turbid water in others associated with the dominance or absence of macrophytes but with the same anthropogenic impact. A wide range of sampling and survey methodologies have been developed for spe

21、cific applications including conservation, drainage impact, management, ecological habitat, enhancement etc. The methodology of this guidance standard is recommended specifically for the surveying of macrophytes in both natural and artificial fresh water lakes, for the purpose of monitoring ecologic

22、al status or the status of the macrophyte vegetation itself. It could be used, however, as the basis for general monitoring of water quality or other applications. According to the precise use to which this guidance standard is to be put, it is essential for specifiers and users to agree and clearly

23、 record, any necessary variations or optional procedural details prior to use. EN 15460:2007 (E) 5 1 Scope This guidance standard defines a method for surveying aquatic macrophytes in lakes - primarily for the purpose of assessing ecological status, using these organisms as an element of biological

24、quality. The information provided by this method includes the composition and abundance of the aquatic macrophyte flora. For a complete assessment of ecological status, other elements of biological quality should also be assessed. The general principle of the approach described in this European Stan

25、dard may also form the basis for the monitoring and assessment of macrophytes in lakes, for example, for conservation purposes. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

26、undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Not applicable 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 amphiphyte plant that can grow submerged in the water up to completely above

27、the water, typically under fluctuating water level conditions 3.2 aquatic macrophytes larger plants of fresh water which are easily seen with the naked eye, including all aquatic vascular plants, bryophytes, stoneworts (Characeae) and macro-algal growths (see EN 14184) NOTE For this method, this ter

28、m is taken to include macrophytes growing in the water and in the wash zone, including hydrophytes, helophytes, amphiphytes, as well as supra-littoral species in the wash zone (such as Carex). 3.3 belt transect band of defined width oriented at right angles to the shoreline or bank, which starts at

29、the water line including the wash and inundation zones starting at the highest seasonal waterline and in lakes extends to the lowermost limit of the aquatic macrophyte vegetation NOTE 1 The aquatic vegetation (species composition, abundance, cover) is analysed within this transect. The transect can

30、be virtual or physically delineated. NOTE 2 The lowermost limit can change over years, either the belt transect is then extended to the lowermost limit that can be expected ever, or the lowermost limit or the belt transect is left variable through the years. 3.4 ecological status expression of the q

31、uality of the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems, expressed by comparing the prevailing conditions with reference conditions (see EN 14184) NOTE As classified in accordance with Annex V of the EC Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). EN 15460:2007 (E) 6 3.5 habitat specific environmen

32、t in which a species lives (see EN 13946, EN 14407) 3.6 helophyte plant that is normally rooted under water with emergent shoots, typically growing in marginal or marshy areas (see EN 14184) 3.7 hydrophyte aquatic plant that is normally rooted under water with floating or submerged leaves, or totall

33、y free floating (see EN 14184) 3.8 maximum depth of the vegetation lowermost limit of the aquatic macrophytes which are adherent to or rooted in the sediment 3.9 metric measurable part or process of a biological system empirically shown to change in value along a gradient of human influence 3.10 mon

34、itoring site lake, or body of water within a lake, in which aquatic macrophytes are surveyed for the assessment of ecological status and/or other purposes 3.11 reference site (RefS) lake or body of water within a lake representing the reference conditions for a given ecological type 3.12 reference c

35、onditions conditions reflecting a totally undisturbed state, lacking human impact, or near-natural with only minor evidence of distortion (see EN 14184) NOTE Reference conditions can be defined using field sites or, where necessary, using expert judgement or predictive modelling techniques 3.13 samp

36、le smallest unit of area to be sampled, typically a belt transect consists of a series of samples, continuous or discrete (with intervals), but samples may be scattered (stratified) randomly as well (non-transect methods) 3.14 supra-littoral survey location section of shoreline and adjacent submerge

37、d areas surveyed for aquatic macrophytes 3.15 taxon (pl. taxa) taxonomic unit, for example family, genus or species (see EN 14707) 4 Principle This European Standard describes a methodological approach for determining the ecological status of lakes using aquatic macrophytes. The status of a lake is

38、assessed by establishing its deviation from the natural conditions of a lake of a similar ecological type. If natural conditions in comparable lakes no longer exist to EN 15460:2007 (E) 7 serve as a background or a reference site (RefS), it is necessary to reconstruct this background based upon what

39、ever records exist. This may involve using data from lakes of a similar type in other European countries. NOTE Even within similar lake types there can be significant biogeographical variation in the naturally occurring species. The presence of aquatic macrophyte taxa in the individual lakes is reco

40、rded. Macrophyte abundance, measured in terms of the spatial extension of taxa or macrophyte beds, and/or macrophyte abundance estimates or biomass, is assessed by different methods adapted to the scale and purpose of the study. Numerical derivatives or metrics of the macrophyte composition and abun

41、dance in a lake survey can be used to identify the divergence from type-specific, natural conditions. 5 Equipment: the following equipment list is suggested. 5.1 Equipment common to all surveys 5.1.1 High resolution maps of survey area, preferably laminated. 5.1.2 Range of plastic bags and hard plas

42、tic containers, for retaining specimens or the temporary storage of macrophytes requiring laboratory identification. NOTE Mosquito netting or lace bags are easier to use than plastic bags in water. 5.1.3 Waterproof labels 5.1.4 Pencils or pens, with indelible ink. 5.1.5 Field data recording system,

43、using either waterproof sheets, a small cassette recorder or water-resistant portable computer; 5.1.6 Floras, relevant field keys and identification guides, and iconographs (illustrations), appropriate to the habitats under consideration; 5.1.7 Records from any previous macrophyte surveys of the lak

44、eunder survey 5.1.8 Personal protective clothing 5.1.9 First aid kit 5.1.10 Notebook, preferable with hard back and water repellent paper. NOTE A pre-prepared pro forma is helpful in the field. This can be a pro forma count sheet with a list of taxon names and space beside each on which the abundanc

45、e estimates can be made, or a notebook organised in such a way that taxon identities and numbers can be clearly recorded, or a computer program with facilities for direct entry of data. It is recommendable that design of the recording sheets or programs takes into account the requirements of any Qua

46、lity Assurance programmes that are in place. Alternatively, field notes can be dictated into a small cassette recorder or digital dictaphone with flash memory. 5.2 Additional equipment for diving surveys 5.2.1 Wet-suit, snorkelling or SCUBA equipment; 5.2.2 Sinkable measuring tape, with concrete wei

47、ght (or leaded line graduated along its length at appropriate points e.g. 5 m distances) to mark survey transects. 5.2.3 Dive (Alpha) flag, to attach to boat or buoy. EN 15460:2007 (E) 8 5.3 Additional equipment for boat surveys 5.3.1 Boat suitable for local conditions, with appropriate safety equip

48、ment. Where a boat is used, a means of communication from the boat to designated shore-based staff, with access to rescue services. NOTE The use of an experienced boat handler familiar with local conditions or as a minimum detailed bathymetric maps for the survey area is recommended for safe surveyi

49、ng. Accurate bathymetric data are crucial in delineating littoral zones, bed slopes etc. Where the data are not available, it should be an integral part of any vegetation survey. At a practical level, the use of transducer depth finders is recommended, which will operate to depths of up to approximately 73 m. 5.3.2 Double-sided rake grapnel and/or multi-point grapnel, attached to a suitable length of rope. NOTE 1 The double-sided rake grapnel is preferable on relatively smooth, uniform substrates. On stony terrain with large interstices, the multi-point grapnel will tend to